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^ Bureau of Heclnmation 
"Washington Qfbce, En0iie6i1ng PUe^ 



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REPORT OF 
JOINT CONFERENCE 

ON 

UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS 

AND 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT 



APRIL 38, I9«5 







Rnnk 'J7 



I 



Bureau of Reclamation 
Washington Office, Engineei:*^^ Piles. 



REPORT OF 
JOINT CONFERENCE 

ON 

UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS 

AND 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT 



I 



APRIL 28, 19 15 






\ 



CONFIDENTIAL 



FOR COMMITTEE USE ONLY. NOT FOR 
GENERAL CIRCULATION 



By Transfer 
^edamaUon Bureau 

MAY 1 1 19M 



<7 

60 



^ 



JOINT CONFERENCE 

ON 

3 UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS AND 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT 



f^ 



American Society of American Society for 

Civil Engineers Testing Materials United States Government 

Alfred Noble George F. Swain Arthur P. Davis 

George S. Webster Olaf Hoff Asa E. Phillips 

Richard L. Humphrey Clifford Richardson Rudolph J. Wig. 



ADDRESS ALL CORRESPONDENCE TO 



fMR. Alfred Noble, Chairman, "iT^Trr^irACTrT. 

L 7 East 42d Street, New York City. J^^^^'^®^^- 

Mr. Arthur P. Davis, Vice-Chairman, 

U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C. 



April 28, 1915. 



Board of Direction, 

American Society of Cril Engineers. 

Committee on Standard Specifications for Cement, 

American Society for Testing Materials. 
Departmental Committee, 

United States Government. 

Dear Sirs: Your Cominittees appointed to meet in Joint Con- 
ference for the purpose of securing uniformity and reconciling differ- 
ences in methods of tests and specifications for cement submits the 
attached report. 

In Part II of this report will be found its recommended "American 
Specifications and Methods of Tests for Portland Cement". 

The Conference has reached an agreement on all the requirements 
of the specifications and on all the methods of tests except that for 
the determination of time of setting.- Two alternate methods are given 
for the determination of time of setting under methods of tests in the 
specifications and the reasons for the disagreement on this single point 
are fully set forth in the report. 



Kespectfully, 



George S. Webster, 
EiCHARD L. Humphrey, 
George F. Swain, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Richardson, 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
Rudolph J. Wig. 



CONTENTS. 
Part I. 

PAGE. 

1. Introduciion 9 

A. Origin of tlie Conference 9 

B. Organization of "Joint Conference on Uniform Methods 

of Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement" 10 

C. Scope of Work 10 

D. Acknowledgments 11 

2. Detailed discussion of changes in specifications and Methods 

of Tests 15 

A. Specifications 15 

(a) Definition 15 

ijb) Chemical Limitations 15 

(c) Specific Gravity 15 

i^d) Fineness 15 

(e) Soundness ' 18 

(f) Time of Setting 23 

(sr) Tensile Strength 23 

(/i) Packages and Marking 24 

{%) Storage 31 

(;) Inspection 31 

(Jc) Rejection 31 

B. Methods of Tests 31 

(a) Sampling 31 

(Z)) Chemical Analysis 34 

(c) Determination of Specific Gravity 37 

(tZ) Determination of Fineness 37 

(e) Mixing Cement Pastes and Mortars 37 

(f ) Normal Consistency 37 

(fif) Determination of Soundness or Constancy of Volume. 61 

Qh) Determination of Time of Setting 62 

(i) Tensile Tests 104 

3. Application of "American Specifications and Methods of Tests 

for Portland Cement" to White Portland Cement 104 



__ Part II. 

PAGE. 

1. American Specifications and Methods of Tests for Portland 

Cement 107 

A. Specifications 107 

1. Definition 107 

2. Chemical Limitations 107 

3. Specific Gravity 107 

4. Fineness 107 

5. Soundness 107 

6. Time of Setting 107 

7-8. Tensile Strength 108 

9. Packages and Marking 108 

10. Storage 108 

11. Inspection . 108 

12-17. Rejection 108 

B. Methods of Tests. . 109 

18-24. Sampling 109 

25-37. Methods of Chemical Analysis 109 

38-42. Determination of Specific Gravity 112 

43-47. Determination of Fineness 114 

48-51. Mixing Cement Pastes and Mortars 115 

52-55. Normal Consistency 116 

56-63. Determination of Soundness or Constancy of 

Volume 118 

64-66. Determination of Time of Setting 121 

67-76. Tensile Tests 122 

77-82. Storage of Test Pieces 125 

Part III. 

1. Minutes of the meetings of the Joint Conference 129 

A. Minutes of the First Meeting 129 

B. Minutes of the Second Meeting 132 

C. Minutes of the Third Meeting 133 

D. Minutes of the Fourth Meeting 135 

E. Minutes of the Fifth Meeting 137 

F. Minutes of the Sixth Meeting 140 

G. Minutes of the Seventh Meeting 141 

H. Minutes of the Eighth Meeting 143 



TABLES 

PAGE 

Table 1. Analysis of tests for fineness of Portland Cement, tests made during 

1913. Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory 16 

" 2, Fineness on the 100 sieve of Portland Cement having a given fine- 
ness on the 200 sieve as taken from the Bureau of Standards 
records. Presented by Mr. Wig 19 

" 3. Gain in tensile strength of Portland Cement, average results of tests 

made during 1913. Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory. 24 

" 4. Showing gain and retrogression in tensile strength for 7 and 28 
days for the years 1912, 1913, and 1914 with corresponding 
average residue on No. 200 sieve. Philadelphia Municipal Test- 
ing Laboratory 25 

" 5. Results of tests made by U. S. Reclamation Service, showing retro- 
gression in tensile strength between 7 and 28 days. Presented 
by Mr. Davis 26 

" 6. Summary of replies to letter of inquiry of Joint Conference con- 
cerning size of bag of Portland Cement. Prepared by Executive 
Committee 29 

" 7. Results of tests of samples of cement taken April 26-30, 1915, Pre- 
pared by Executive Committee 35 

" 8. Results of first series of chemical analyses of cements, made for Joint 

Conference. Prepared by Executive Committee 38 

" 9. Results of second determination of loss on ignition made for Joint 

Conference. Prepared by Executive Committee 41 

" 10. Summary of replies to letter of inquiry of Joint Conference, dated 
November 30, 1912, concerning Methods of Determination of 
Normal Consistency. (Non-Producers.) Prepared by Executive 
Committee 44 

" 11. Summary of replies to letter of inquiry of Joint Conference, dated 
November 30, 1912, concerning Methods of Determination of 
Normal Consistency. (Producers.) Prepared by Executive 
Committee 44 

" 12. Comparison of relative merits of Vicat and Ball methods for deter- 
mining Normal Consistency of cement. Summary of replies in 
answer to letter of inquiry of November 30, 1912. Prepared by 
Executive Committee 45 

" 13. Summary of replies by Mr. Alfred Noble 46 

" 14. Summary of replies by Mr. Alfred Noble 46 

" 15. Results of tests made under direction of Joint Conference to deter- 
mine the relative merits of the Ball and Vicat methods for 
determining Normal Consistency. Prepared by the Executive 
Committee 47 

" 16. Results of tensile strength tests of cement mortars made under the 
direction of the Joint Conference to determine the proper con- 
sistency for Standard Ottawa Sand mortars. Cement sample 71. 
Prepared by Executive Committee 52 

" 17. Results of tensile strength tests of cement mortars made under the 
direction of the Joint Conference to determine the proper con- 
sistency for Standard Ottawa Sand mortars. Cement sample 81. 
Prepared by Executive Committee 52 

" 18, Summary of replies to letter of inquiry of Joint Conference, dated 
November 30, 1912, concerning methods of determination of Time 
of Setting. (Non-Producers.) Prepared by Executive Committee. 62 

" 19. Summary of replies to letter of inquiry of Joint Conference, dated 
November 30, 1912, concerning methods of determination of Time 
of Setting. (Producers.) Prepared by Executive Committee. . . 62 

" 20. Comparison of relative merits of Vicat and Gillmore apparatus for 
the determination of Time of Setting. Prepared by Executive 
Committee 60 

" 21. Summary of replies received in answer to letter of United States 
Government Departmental Committee, dated August 5, 1912. Pre- 
sented by U. S. Government Committee 61 

" 22. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests (in minutes), first 

series. Prepared by Executive Committee 63 

" 23. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests (in minutes), 

second series. Prepared by Executive Committee 70 

24. Results of tests of determination of Time of Set, showing maxi- 

mum, minimum and mean differences in Time of Set. Presented 

by Mr. Phillips 79 

25. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests (in minutes), 

third series. Prepared by Executive Committee 94 

26. Summation of results of Time of Setting tests. Mean percentage 

variation from the average. Presented by the U. S. Government 
Committee 98 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Figure 1. Location of cement samples. Bin 20, Mill A, Lehigh Portland 
Cement Company, Ormrod, Pa. Prepared by Executive Com- 
mittee , 32 

" 2. Types of samplers. Prepared by Executive Committee 33 

" 3. Location of cement samples. Bin 4, S. H. No. 1, Mill B, Coplay 
Cement Manufacturing Company, Coplay, Pa. Prepared by 
Executive Committee 34 

" 4. Comparative results of Normal Consistency determinations by the 

Ball method and the Vicat apparatus. Presented by Mr. Phillips. 49 

" 5. Variations in Normal Consistency obtained by Ball method and 
Vicat apparatus, Joint Conference tests of December 18, 1912. 
Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory 51 

" 6. The maximum, minimum and average results of tensile strength 
tests, made by commercial laboratories under the direction of 
the Joint Conference to determine the proper consistency for one 
to three Standard Ottawa Sand mortars. Prepared by Executive 
Committee 53 

" 7. The maximum, minimum and average results of tensile strength 
tests, made by private laboratories under the direction of the 
Joint Conference to determine the proper consistency for one to 
three Standard Ottawa Sand mortars. Prepared by Executive 
Committee 54 

" 8. The maximum, minimum and average results of tensile strength 
tests, made by municipal, state and federal laboratories under 
the direction of the Joint Conference to determine the proper 
consistency for one to three Standard Ottawa Sand mortars. 
Prepared by Executive Committee 55 

" 9. The maximum, minimum and average results of tensile strength 
tests, made by university laboratories under the direction of the 
Joint Conference to determine the proper consistency for one to 
three Standard Ottawa Sand mortars. Prepared by Executive 
Committee 56 

" 10, Average tensile strength tests of one to three mortars at seven and 
twenty-eight days mixed with different percentages of water. 
Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory 58 

" ■ 11. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests (in minutes), 

second series. Prepared by Executive Committee 78 

" 12. Diagram showing maximum, minimum and mean differences in 
Time of Set of three tests on each sample of cement by Gillmore 
and Vicat apparatus. Presented by Mr. Phillips 78 

" 13. Comparison of results, second series of Time of Setting tests, 
obtained by laboratories commonly using the Gillmore apparatus 
with the Gillmore, and those commonly using the Vicat apparatus 
with the Vicat. Presented by the U. S. Government Committee. 92 

" 14. Mean variation from the average, first series of Time of Setting 
tests of all results of laboratories commonly using the Gillmore 
apparatus with the Gillmore, and all laboratories commonly 
using the Vicat apparatus with the Vicat. Presented by the 
U. S. Government Committee 93 

" 15. Mean variation from the average, second series of Time of Setting 
tests of all results of laboratories commonly using the Gillmore 
apparatus with the Gillmore, and all laboratories commonly 
using the Vicat apparatus with the Vicat. Presented by the 
U. S. Government Committee '93 

" 16. Mean variation of the averages from the grand average, Time of 

Setting tests, third series. Prepared by Executive Committee. . 94 

" 17. Mean variation from average Time of Setting, on a percentage 
basis for each method, for all laboratories, and for all cement 
tests of which the results were analyzed by the Conference. 
Presented by U. S. Government Committee 99 

" 18. Diagram of percentage of mean variation from average of results 
of third series of Time of Setting tests, showing results with 
Vicat apparatus by laboratories using Vicat apparatus and 
results with Gillmore apparatus by laboratories using Gillmore 
apparatus. Presented by U. S. Government Committee 100 

" 19. Diagram of percentage of mean variation from average of results 
of third series of Time of Setting tests, showing results with 
Vicat apparatus by laboratories using Vicat apparatus and 
results with Gillmore apparatus by laboratories using Gillmore 
apparatus. Presented by U. S. Government Committee 100 

" 20. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests, third series. 

Cement No. 62. Presented by U. S. Government Committee. . . . 100 

" 21. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests, third series. 

Cement No. 72. Presented by U. S. Government Committee. . . . 100 

" 22. Results of determination of Time of Setting tests, third series. 

Cement No. 82. Presented by U. S. Government Committee. . . . 100 



Bureau of Reciamacion 
Washingtoii Office, Engineering Pilea 



REPORT OF 

THE JOINT CONFERENCE ON UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS 

AND STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT. 

PAKT I. 
1. Introduction. 

A, Origin of the Conference. 

The Conference was created as the result of the adoption of the 
following resolution by the Committee on Standard Specifications for 
Cement of the American Society for Testing- Materials, at a meeting 
held on March 7, 1912. 

"In order to secure uniformity in specifications for cement, it is 
recommended that the Board of Direction of the American Society 
of Civil Engineers, The Committee on Standard Specifications for 
Cement of the American Society for Testing Materials, and the 
Government Departmental Committee on Specifications for Cement, 
be each requested to appoint a committee of three to confer for the 
purpose of reconciling differences." 

The above organizations had recommended specifications and 
methods of tests as follows : 

The American Society of Civil Engineers accepted a report of its 
Special Committee on Uniform Methods of Tests for Cement on Jan- 
uary 17, 1912. 

The American Society for Testing Materials adopted standard spe- 
cifications, as recommended by its committee on August 16, 1909. 

The recommendations of the Departmental Conference, reported 
February 13, 1912, was made the specifications of the United States 
Government by Executive Order dated April 30, 1912. 

In compliance with the above recommendations the following com- 
mittees were appointed: 

American Society of Civil E'ngineers, 
Alfred JSToble^ 
George S. Webster, 
KiCHARD L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials, 
George F. Swain, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Eichardson. 

United States Government, 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
EuDOLPH J. Wig. 

9 



B. Organization of '* Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests 
and Standard Specifications for Cement." 

The abbv'e comraittees met oil October 24, 1912, and organized under 
the title of "Joint Conference on. Uniform Methods of Tests aiid 
Standard Specifications for Cement," with the following officers: 

Chairman, Alfred Noble. 

Vice-Chairman, Arthur P. Davis. 

Secretary, Eiohard L. Humphrey. 

Executive Committee, Kudolph J. Wig, RichArd L. Humphrey. 

The Executive Committee was appointed to conduct correspond- 
ence, supervise all tests, collate results, prepare reports and care for 
all the detailed work of the Conference. 

' The' Cbnference sustained a very great loss by the death of its 
Chairman on, April 17, 1914, and at its meeting on April 28th, 1914 
adopted the following minute : 

"The Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests and Standard 
Specifications for Cement hereby records with profound sorrow the 
irreparable loss sustained in the death of its Chairman, Mr. Alfred 
Noble, and its deep gratitude for the privilege of having known and 
been associated with one who was the exponent of the highest ideals 
as a man, as a citizen and as an engineer. 

"Mr. Noble has given much to the engineering profession and his 
unselfish work in the development of the methods of testing cement 
has been of incalculable value. Many of his contributions to the 
engineering profession, to be found in the Transactions of the American 
Society of Civil Engineers, relate to this branch of engineering. He 
was a member of the Special Committees of this Society which 
presented reports on Uniform Methods of Tests of Cement in 1885 
and 1912. 

"The members of this Conference find themselves unable to ade- 
quately express their loss. This intimate association with Mr. Noble 
has left in the memory of each member an indelible impression of 
his patient, sweet, endearing nature, of his simple, forceful, dignified 
personality, and of the grandeur of his character." 

In recognition of the extremely valuable services Mr. Noble rendered 
as its Chairman, the Conference decided not to fill the vacancy occa- 
sioned by his death and that hereafter Arthur P. Davis, the Vice- 
Chairman, should perform the duties of Chairman. 

C. Scope of Work. 

The Conference has held eight meetings, all of which, with one 
exception, were full day sessions. The complete minutes of each 
meeting are to be found in Part III. 

The Executive Committee has held thirty-four sessions, each of one 
or more days duration. 

10 



At the fitst meeting of the Gonference it was agreed that considera- 
tion should be given not only to the points of difference, but that all 
matters pertaining to the methods of tests and specifications for 
cement should be considered, since changes in other requirements were 
under consideration by the committees of the American Society for 
Testing Materials and the United States GoveriMrenti • 

It was agreed that the rtiethods of tests as accept^ by the American 
Society of Civil Engineers differed essentially from those included in 
the United States Government Specificatioils for Portland Cement in 
the following particulars: 

1. Method of determining normal consistency. 

2. Method of determining time of setting. 

3. Percentage of water for Standard Ottawa sand mortars. 

4. Method of determining, specific gravity. • . 

5. Methods of chemical analysis. . 

6. Specifications for standard sieves. 

The Standard specifications of the American Society for Testing 
Materials differed essentially from the United States Government speci- 
fications for Portland Cement in the .following requirements: 

1. Time of setting. 

2. Insoluble residue. , . 

3. Retrogression in tensile strength tests of neat cement. 

4. Specific gravity. 

5. General clauses — Method of Inspection, etc. 

, Several letters of inquiry were issued by the Conference and 
several series of tests were made under its supervision to furnish 
additional data with which it could better determine the relative 
value of the different requirements and methods. A discussion of 
the data obtained follows, together with a detailed statement explaining 
the action of the Conference on each section of the specifications and 
methods of tests. 

t). Acknowledgments. 

The Conference wishes to express its hearty appreciation and thanks 
for the generous co-operation afforded it by the laboratories and individ- 
uals who participated in the several series of analyses and tests. 

The following laboratories and individuals participated in making 
the physical tests : 

Allentown Testing Laboratory, E. B. McCready, Allentown, Pa. 
American Bureau of Inspection and Tests, E. B. Wilson, Secretary, 

ChicagOj 111. 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, J. R. Onderdonk, Engineer of 

Tests, Baltimore, Md. 
Chicago Railways, L. E. Morris, Chemist, John J. Kearney, Chemist^ 

Chicago, 111. 

11 



Cornell University, Professor R. C. Carpenter, Ithaca, N. Y. 
Detroit Testing Laboratory, J. B. Stoddard, Detroit, Mich. 
Department of New York State Engineer and Surveyor, Russell S. 

Greenman, Resident Engineer, in charge of Tests, Albany, N. Y. 
District of Columbia, J. O. Hargrove, Inspector of Asphalts and 

Cements, Washington, D. C. 
Erie Railroad Company, L. W. Walter, Assistant Engineer, Jersey 

City, N.J. 
Froehling and Robertson, Richmond, Ya. 
General Electric Company, J. A. Capp, Engineer of Tests, Schenectady, 

N. Y. 
Gulick-Henderson Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Henry S. Spackman Engineering Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Robert W. Hunt and Company, Chicago, 111. 
Lafayette College, Professor J. M. Porter, Easton, Pa. 
New England Bureau of Tests, H. L. Sherman, Treasurer, Boston, Mass. 
New York Board of Water Supply, Charles E. Price, Inspector, New 

York, N. Y. 
I^orfolk and Western Railway Company, J. H. Gibboney, Chief Chem- 
ist, Roanoke, Ya. 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, C. D. Young, Engineer of Tests, 

Altoona, Pa. 
Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory, W. P. Taylor, Assistant 

Engineer, Albert T. Goldbeck, Assistant Engineer, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, John M. Bailey, Secretary, Pittsburgh, 

Pa. 
Rock Island Lines, E. O. Bunnell, Engineer of Tests, Chicago, 111. 
Salt Lake City Testing Laboratory, S. Q. Cannon, City Engineer, 

Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Sanford E. Thompson, Newton Highlands, Mass. 
Smi'th, Emery and Company, San Erancisco, Cal. 
Southern Pacific Company, J. M. O'Hara, Inspector of Cements, San 

Erancisco, Cal. 
Southern Railway Company, J. C. Ramage, Superintendent of Tests, 

Alexandria, Va. 
St. Louis Municipal Testing Laboratory, Mont Schuyler, Engineer in 

Charge, St. Louis, Mo. 
United States Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 
United States Engineer's Office, L. C. Sabin, Assistant Engineer, 

Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 
United States Reclamation Service, J. Y. Jewett, Cement Expert, 

Denver, Colo. 
University of Colorado, Professor Milo S. Ketchum, Boulder, Colo. 
University of Illinois, Professor I. O. Baker, Urbana, 111. 
University of Michigan, Professor A. H. White, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

12 



University of Pennsylvania, Professor Edgar Marburg, Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
University of Wisconsin, Professor M. O. Withey, Madison, Wis. 
University of West Virginia, Professor C. P. Jones, Morgantown, 

W. Va. 

The following laboratories and chemists participated in making 
the chemical analyses: 

Allentown Testing Laboratory, E. B. McCready, AUentown, Pa. 
Baltimore and Ohio Pailroad Company, J. R. Onderdonk, Engineer 

of Tests, Baltimore, Md. 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company, Charles F. Loweth, 

Chief Engineer, Chicago, 111. 
Cornell University, Professor R. C. Carpenter, Ithaca, N. Y. 
District of Columbia, J. O. Hargrove, Inspector of Asphalts and 

Cements, Washington, D. C. 
Froehling & Robertson, Richmond, Va. 
General Electric Company, J. A. Capp, Engineer of Tests, Schenectady. 

N. Y. 
Gulick-Henderson Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Hildreth & Company, New York, N. Y. 
Robert W. Hunt & Company, Chicago, 111. 
Lafayette College, Professor J. M. Porter, Easton, Pa. 
Richard K. Meade, Baltimore, Md. 
Michigan Central Railroad Company, A. W. Munsell, Engineer of 

Tests, Detroit, Mich. 
New England Bureau of Tests, H. L. Sherman, Treasurer, Boston, 

Mass. 
New York Board of Water Supply, Charles E. Price, Inspector, New 

York, N. Y. 
Norfolk & Western Railroad Company, J. H. Gibboney, Chief Chemist, 

Roanoke, Va. 
Osborn Engineering Company, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., C. D. Young, Engineer of Tests, Altoona, 

Pa. 
Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory, Albert T. Goldbeck, 

Assistant Engineer, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company, A. G. Blakely, Chemist> 

Pottsville, Pa. 
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Public Service Commission, Geo. L. Lucas. General Inspector of 

Materials, New York, N. Y. R. F. Walker, Allentown, Pa. 
Sanford E. Thompson, Newton Highlands, Mass. 

53 




Smith, Emery & Company, San Francisco, Cal. 

Southern Railway Company, J. C. Ramage, Supt. of Tests, Alex- 
andria, Ya. 

United States Bureau of Standards, P. 11. Bates, Chemist, Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 

United States Bureau of Standards, S. S. Voorhees, Engineer-Chemist, 
Washington, D. C. 

United States Reclamation Service, J. Y. Jewett, Cement Expert, 
Denver, Colo. 

University of California, Berkley, Cal. 

University of Colorado, Professor Milo S. Ketchum, Boulder, Colo. 

University of Michigan, Professor A. H. White, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Edgar F. Smith, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Company, C. M. Chapman, Engineer of 

- Tests, New York, N. Y. 

Alpha Portland Cement Company, Harry Drew, Chief Chemist, 
Easton, Pa. 

Ashgrove Lime & Portland Cement Company, Andreas Lundteigen, 
Chief Chemist, Kansas City, Mo. 

Atlas Portland Cement Company, T. A. Hicks, Chief Chemist, Cata- 
sauqua. Pa. 

Coplay Cement Manufacturing Company, Harry S. Hartzell, Chemist, 
Coplay, Pa. 

Edison Portland Cement Company, H. E. Keifer, Chemist, Stewarts- 
ville, N. J. 

Helderberg Cement Company, F. W. Kelley, Albany, N. Y. 

Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Ernest Ashton, Chemical Engineer, 
Allentown, Pa. 

Northwestern States Portland Cement Company, George P. Diekmann, 
Chief Chemist, Mason City, Iowa. 

Sandusky Portland Cement Company, Spencer B. Newberry, Presi- 
dent, Sandusky, Ohio. 

Vulcanite Portland Cement Company, S. Wr Hartwell, Easton^ Pa. 

The thanks of the Conference are also extended to the Lehigh 
Portland Cement Company, Penn-Allen Portland Cement Company, 
and Virginia Portland Cement Company for their courtesy in 
furnishing the cement required for the tests, to the Lehigh Portland 
Cement Company for the special facilities and the co-operation afforded 
the Conference for testing various, methods for sampling cement in 
bins, as well as to all those who co-operated in answering letters of 
inquiry and supplying data. ■ , ' ' 



2. Detailed Discussion of Changes in Specifications and 
Methods of Tests. 
A. Specifications. 

(a) Definition. 

There was no essential difference. Slight changes were made in 
phraseology for uniformity and clearness. 

(b) Chemical Limitations. 

The American Society for Testing Materials specifications had 
no limitation on the insoluble residue. The United States Government 
specifications limited the insoluble residue to not more than 1 per 
cent. It was found that 0.85% would allow a sufficient margin 
for all properly manufactured American Portland cements and there- 
fore the limitation was fixed at this amount. 

No other changes were made in the chemical requirements. 

(c) Specific Gravity. 

The two specifications differed in that one permitted igniting the 
sample of cement and the other stated that the sample should be heated 
to a dull red heat in case the specific gravity of the sample as originally 
received fell below 3.10. Since the specific gravity test is primarily 
for the purpose of detecting adulteration or underburning it was 
decided that it should be inserted as an optional clause, and limited 
to not less than 3.12 unless the loss on ignition is more than 3% and 
the insoluble residue- is more- than • 0.8&%i If the loss on igni- 
tion is more than 3% the specific gravity must not be; less than 3.12. 

(d) Fineness. 

The Conference considered the advisability of increasing the fine- 
ness requirement. The following letter of inquiry was sent, February 
il, 1913, to all American manufacturers of Portland cement. 

"Dear. Sir: 

"The Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Test? and Standard 
Specifications for Cement has under consideration the modification of 
the Specifications for Portland Cement by which the reiquirements for 
fineness will be raised from 92% to 95% passing the 'No. 100 sieve and 
from 75% to 80% passing the No. 200 sieve and desires your opinion as 
to the following: ; 

,1.' Would this cha,nge involve an increase in the cost of Portland 

cement to the consumer, and if so, how much? 
2. If you do not favor such change, please state your reasons. 

The Conference would also like to be advised of the type of grind- 
ing machinery used for finishing cement in your plant. 

A fiill and prompt reply would be very much appreciated. 

Respectfully," 

15 



Keplies were received from the following 15 manufacturers, of whom 
6 favored increasing the fineness requirement, 6 were opposed to the 
change, and 3 were non-committal; 10 manufacturers stated that it 
would increase the cost of manufacture of cement, 3 stated that there 
would be no increase in the cost, and 2 were non-committal. 

Allentown Portland Cement Company. 

Ash Grove Lime and Portland Cement Company. 

Atlas Portland Cement Company. 

Cape Girardeau Portland Cement Company. 

Colorado Portland Cement Company. 

German- American Portland Cement Works. 

Inland Portland Cement Company. 

Tola Portland Cement Company. 

San Antonio Portland Cement Company. 

Southwestern Portland Cement Company. 

Standard Portland Cement Corporation. 

Toltec Portland Cement Company. 

Texas Portland Cement Company. 

Vulcanite Portland Cement Company. 

Washington Portland Cement Company. 

Mr. Webster presented a tabulation of results of tests of fineness 
made in the Philadelphia Testing Laboratory during 1913. 

TABLE 1. — Analysis of Tests for Fineness of Portland 
Cement, Tests Made During 1913. 



Philadelphia 


Municipal 


Testing Laboratory. 




Brand. 


Total 

Number of 

Samples. 


Number 

finer than 

20o/o on 

No. 200. 


Per cent. 

finer than 20% 

on No. 200. 


Number 

finer tban 

22% on 

No. 200. 


Per cent. 

finer than 22% 

on No. 200. 


Allentown 


157 
74 
66 
89 
47 
197 
109 
76 
93 
83 

■i 

101 

5 

114 

329 

57 

36 


113 

7 

29 

54 

46 

115 

105 

21 

72 

78 

1 

3 

1 

101 

217 

13 

24 


72.0 
9.5 
44.0 
60.0 
98.0 
58.4 
96.6 
27.6 
77.5 
94.1 
100.0 
3.0 
20.0 
88.8 
66.0 
22.8 
66.6 


147 

42 

48 

68 

47 

164 

109 

42 

78 

80 

1 

21 

4 

108 

270 

31 

32 


93.8 


Alpha 


56.8 


A.tlas 


72.8 


Bath 


76.5 


Dexter 


100.0 


Dragon 


83.5 . 


Edison 


100.0 


Giant 


55.4 


Lehigh 


84.0 


Nazareth 

Paragon 


96.5 

100.0 


Penn- AUeo 


20.8 


Pennsylvania 

Phcenix 


80.0 
95 


Saylor's 


82.2 


Vulcanite 


.54.5 


Whitehall 


89.0 







Mr. Davis presented the following memoranda: 

"In accordance with resolution of the first meeting of the Joint 
Conference, I submit herewith a suggestion for improvement of stand- 
ard specifications for cement. 

16 



"It has been suggested that the standard of fineness be changed to 
read as follows: 

'95% of the cement by weight shall pass through the No. 100 
sieve, and 80% shall pass through the No. 200 sieve.' 

"At the laboratories of the Reclamation Service numerous experi- 
ments were made as follows : 

"A sample of cement that had passed all of the standard tests 
was sifted through a No. 100 sieve and the coarse residue rejected. 
The cement passing the No. 100 sieve was then sifted through a No. 
200 sieve and all of that passing through the sieve was rejected, leaving 
only that held upon the No. 200 sieve. Briquettes were made of this 
material and in every case the cement either failed to set up at all or 
set so weakly as to form a briquette too frail to put into the testing 
machine. This was the result irrespective of the proportion of water 
or the length of time given the cement in which to set. I am informed 
that similar experiments have been tried by the Bureau of Standards 
with similar results. These tests show conclusively that none of the 
material which is too coarse to pass through the No. 200 sieve has any 
cementing value. What little cementing value has been developed in 
such samples is easily accounted for by the imperfection of sifting and 
the retention of a minute quantity of flour in the sample tested. 

"According to this information, all of the cement that fails to pass 
the No. 200 sieve is worthless for cementing purposes, and at best can 
serve only as so much sand. In the present status of the cement in- 
dustry, it seems absurd to be satisfied with a product of which one- 
fourth is known to be worthless. 

"This, however, is not the most important feature of the situation. 
It is probable that there is a tendency for the hydration of the coarser 
particles to proceed after the cement has taken its final set, and thus 
change in volume and have a disintegrating tendency. It is not im- 
probable that this is the real cause of many of the unexplained cases 
of disintegration of cement which has been attributed to various other 
causes without any positive proof. Such a tendency is at least pos- 
sible and it is submitted that the coarser particles of cement are not 
only worthless, but are probably a menace to the integrity of a con- 
crete structure. In either case it is highly desirable to reduce this 
quantity of worthless material to the smallest practicable proportions. 

"The moderate increase in requirements above suggested can be met 
by most cement companies with slight effort. Of the 12 western com- 
panies from which the Reclamation Service has purchased most of its 
cement on standard specifications, only three failed on the average to 
meet the suggested requirements of 95% through the No. 100 sieve. 
One of these passed an average of 93.6%; another 94.6%; and the 
third 94.3%. A very slight increase in fineness would bring all of 
these cements up to the suggested requirement of a No. 100 sieve. 
The present practice in these twelve companies is that an average of 
95.5% passes a No. 100 sieve; seven of the twelve average more than 
96% through a No. 100 sieve, and will have to make no change in 
their practice to meet this specification with certainty. 

17 



"On the No. 200 sieve the average of the twelve companies is 
79.8%. Three of the companies furnish the cement habitually of a 
fineness equal to or better than that suggested, and none would have to 
increase their grinding facilities to do so. 

"The practice of these mills, most of which are comparatively new 
with modern machinery shows that the increased requirement of a 
No. 100 sieve would be easily met by improving their facilities to pass 
80% through a No. 200 sieve, so that attention may be limited to the 
increased requirement on the fine sieve. 

"If members of the Conference desire to make the increased re- 
quirement still greater than that suggested, the writer will be glad to 
concur with any such increase which seems wise to the Conference. 
The above is suggested as an improvement of moderation and no more 
than should be required to follow the policy of encouraging reasonable 
improvements in methods and product in Portland cement. 

"Respectfully submitted, 

"(signed) A. P. Davis, 

"Member of Conference.'* 

Mr. Wig presented a number of results of fineness determinations 
taken from the records of the Bureau of Standards showing the 
relation between the fineness on the No. 100 and No. 200 sieves 
(Table 2). 

After a study of the data available the Conference concluded that 
the No. 100 sieve requirement should be eliminated from the specifica- 
tions and the permissible residue on the No. 200 sieve should be 
decreased from 25 to 20 per cent. 

(e) Soundness. 

The specifications required that soundness pats be stored in water 
and observed from time to time for a period of 28 days. Information 
gathered by the Conference showed that these pats furnished no in- 
formation not furnished by pats tested in air and steam and there- 
fore it was decided to eliminate this requirement from the specifications. 

Consideration was also given to the proposed autoclave test for 
soundness. The following letter of inquiry was sent to all those who 
were known to be either using this test or to have had experience 
with it. 

"Dear Sir: 

"The Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests and Standard 
Specifications for Cement has under consideration tests for the de- 
termination of soundness or constancy of volume and is desirous of 
obtaining all available information relating to the autoclave test. 



18 



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22 



"It would therefore appreciate the opportunity to examine such 
available data as may be in your possession or a reference to whatever 
information that formed the basis for your decision to incorporate the 
autoclave test in your specifications for Portland cement. 

"The Conference assumes that you are interested in establishing 
a single standard specification for this material for this country and 
anticipates therefore your fullest cooperation in the matter. 

"An early reply will be highly appreciated. 

"Respectfully," 

Eleven replies were received which include considerable informa- 
tion. A study of this and other data available to the Conference did 
not show that this test had special merit as a test for soundness when 
applied to cements for use in construction work and therefore it 
is not recommended. 

(f) Time of Setting. 

The specifications differed in the limitation on the time of initial 
set which was due to the fact that diiferent methods were employed. 
The time of initial set has been fixed at one hour and the time of final 
set at eight hours. 

From the data available the Conference found that a great majority 
of cements attained their final set in less than eight hours; therefore 
it was decided that the time of final setting could be shortened, which 
would appreciably benefit the consumer without placing a hardship 
upon the manufacturer. It would benefit the laboratory by bringing 
the total time for this test within the working hours of a day. 

(g) Tensile Strength. * 

The two specifications differed in that those of the American 
Society for Testing Materials included a 24-hour neat tensile test and 
prohibited retrogression in the tensile strength of the neat cement 
between 7 and 28 days. 

Mr. Webster presented the data given in Tables 3 and 4 obtained 
in the Philadelphia Testing Laboratory and Mr. Davis presented the 
da:ta given in Table 5 obtained in the United States Reclamation 
Service Laboratory. From a study of these results as well as those 
obtained by other laboratories the Conference decided that the re- 
quirement "that there shall be no retrogression in tensile strength 
between the 7 and 28 day periods" should apply only to the sand mortar 
tests. 

After studying the results of tensile strength tests of a large num- 
ber of brands of American Portland cements it was decided that the 
requirement for mortars of 1 part Portland cement to 3 parts standard 
Ottawa sand should be raised from 200 to 225 pounds per square inch 
at 7 days and from 275 to 325 pounds at 28 days. 

23 



TABLE 3. — Gain in Tensile Strength of Portland Cement, 

Average Results of Tests Made During 1913. 

Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory. 



, 


No. of 
samples. 


Neat. 


1 : 3 Mortar. 


Brand. 


7 
days. 


28 
days. 


Gain. 


Per 

cent, 
gain. 


7 
days. 


28 
days. 


Gain. 


Per 
cent, 
gain. 


Allentown 

Alpha 

Atlas 


1.57 

74 

66 

89 

47 

197 

109 

76 

93 

83 

1 

101 

5 

114 

389 

57 

36 


691 
666 
630 
696 
684 
654 
571 
642 
715 
724 
756 
726 
578 
660 
657 
701 
660 


724 
742 
652 
738 
751 
675 
630 
693 
756 
785 
698 
751 
699 
706 
744 
751 
720 


33 

7lD 

22 
42 
67 
21 
59 
51 
41 
61 
-58 
25 
121 
46 
87 
50 
60 


4.8 

11.4 
3.5 
6.0 
9.8 
3.2 

10.3 
7.9 
5.7 
8.4 
—7.7 
3.3 

20.9 
7.0 

13.2 
7.1 
9.1 


315 
340 
839 
368 
363 
344 
334 
345 
372 
381 
388 
337 
324 
359 
301 
329 
370 


461 
432 
424 
446 
458 
415 
412 
440 
470 
457 
4.S9 
442 
456 
456 
417 
440 
463 


146 

92 

85 

78 

95 

71 

78 

95 

98 

76 

51 

105 

132 

97 

116 

111 

93 


46.3 

27.0 
25.1 


Bath 


21.2 


Dexter 

Dragon 

Edison 

Giant 


26.2 
20.6 
23.4 
27.6 


Lehigh 

Nazareth 

Paragon 

Penn- Allen . . . 
Pennsylvania 

Phoenix 

Saylor's 

Vulcanite .... 
Whitehall.... 


26-3 
20.0 
13.1 
31.2 

40.7 

a7.o 

38.6 
33.7 
25.1 



(h) Packages and Marking. 

It was proposed that the contents of a bag of cement be changed 
from 94 to 100 pounds net. In order to obtain data upon this sub- 
ject the following letter of inquiry was addressed to a large number 
of engineers, contractors, and users of cement. 
"Dear Sirs: 

The Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests and Standard 
Specifications for Cement has under consideration, to become effective 
at some future date, the requirement, 'That a bag of Portland cement 
shall contain 100 pounds net, (a barrel 400 pounds net),' and desires 
your co-operation. 

The Conference would appreciate the following information: 

1. Would you favor increasing the contents of the bag to 100 pounds 
net? 

2. Kindly state your reasons for reply to question 1. 

3. Would you favor decreasing the contents of the bag to 80 or 50 
pounds net? 

4. Kindly state your reasons for your reply to question 3. 

5. Is it your opinion that an increase in the contents of the bag to 
100 pounds net would result in any additional inconvenience in 
handling on the work? 

6. Is it your practice to consider the present bag (94 lbs. net) the 
equivalent of 0.94 of a cubic foot ? 

7. Have you ever used bags containing 100 pounds net ? 

8. Any additional expression of opinion on this question is invited. 

A reply at your earliest convenience will be appreciated. 

Very truly yours," 



24 



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>n 04 rH eo 04 03 eo 04 04 eo 04 eoos -041-1 


04 
04 


OS 


ooorHOOrH04Ooo -oo -OOO 

eo Oi rH TH 04 04 04 t- t- 0» • 04 «D ; tH eO 


04 
04 


Fineness 
percentage 

retained 
on No. 200. 


OS 


l>Q004eOCROSOOeOOOt-i>QOW300iO 


joo 


05th-^J>0403 ?d'04q6cOthq6cDC- 04* tH OS* 
THO4O4i-lrHTHr^O4r-i-l04rHrHrH0404rH 


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■rH 
OS 


0404£»coeoos-*cDt-eoeoo4«5eo ;^oo 
o:*04*oos«oo3*»n rHoo'uJeo'oi^os* '0400' 

tH 04 04 TH tH rH 1-1 04 1-1 TH 04 04 TH rH -04 1-1 


•04 

•OS 


OS 

rH 


J> in 04 O 00 OS OS OD Tt" 00 04 -rHiH -£-04 


•04 


oseoeoo£>OQ05405«oeo -Qth -thth 

tH 04 04 04 rH 04 -H 04 rH i-H o< •0404 -0404 




2 




o 




© UTZ 


g 


Lehigh 

Nazareth 

Penn-Allen 

Pennsylvania. 

Phoenix 

Savior .... 


Security 

Vulcanite 

Whitehall .... 


t 

> 

< 



25 



TABLE 5. — Eesult of Tests Made by U. S. Keclamation 

Between 7 and 28 Days. — 



Brand. 



Ideal 

Ideal 

lola 

Sunflower 

Marquette 

Northwestern. . . ; 

Sunflower 

lola — 

lola 

Ideal 

Golden Gate 

Ideal 

lola ..:.... — 

Trinity ; 

Northwestern 

lola .' 

Red Devil (Trident, Mont.).. 

Sunflower 

Golden Gate ; 

Colton 

Ash Grove 

Ogden — 

Mt. Diablo 

Riverside 

Concrete 

Ideal 

Red Devil (Devils Slide, 
Utah) 

El Toro 

Average 

Average of all tests (on ac- 
cepted cement) to June 30, 
1914 

Concrete 





Fineness. 


Setting Time, 


>> 


o 


IDat. 


w 

<e 

(U 

IS 

c 
s 
o 

3D 












> 

be 
o 

'5 

0) 
CO 






Per cent. 

passing No. 

100 sieve. 


Per cent. 

passing No. 

200 sieve. 


Initial . 
H. M. 


Final. 
H. M. 




tn — 
1-1 cs 


O.K. 


95.2 


72.0 


2 


30 


5 


30 




(Neat I 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


319 




92.0 


74.0 


3 


00 


7 


00 




jNeat [ 
j 3 to 1 j 


5 


466 




93.0 


77.4 


4 


00 


8 


30 


3.15 


3 Neat 1 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


395 




94.0 


78.4 


2 


15 


6 


00 


3.17 


jNeat 1 
1 3 to 1 i 


5 


495 




93.0 


76.6 


2 


00 


5 


00 


3.17 


JNeat 1 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


444 




96.7 


81.0 


3 


30 


6 


30 


3.14 


(Neat 1 
") 3 to 1 ( 


5 


412 




95.4 


83.6 


4 


30 


8 


30 


3.15 


jNeat 1 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


300 




94.6 


82.0 


3 


30 


7 


00 


3.16 


J Neat 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


313 




94.0 


80.4 


4 


00 


7 


30 




j Neat [ 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


375 




95.4 


77.8 


3 


30 


7 


00 


3.15 


(Neat \ 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


399 




94.0 


74.4 


4 


00 


6 


00 





(Neat » 
1 3 to 1 i 


5 


227 




95.4 


78.0 


3 


30 


7 


30 


3.09 


(Neat 1 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


388 




93.5 


76.0 


3 


30 


7 


GO 


3.17 


(Neat C 
1 3 to 1 ( 


5 


529 




96.5 


80.1 


4 


00 


7 


30 


3.16 


( Neat 
■)3 to 1 " 


5 


281 




97.0 


83.4 


4 


30 


8 


00 


3.17 


Neat t 
/ 3 to 1 j 


5 


266 




93.8 


80.2 


3 


30 


7 


00 


3.19 


(Neat ) 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


346 




97.1 


84.8 


4 


36 


7 


12 


3.12 


( Neat 1 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


422 




96.0 


82.4 


3 


45 


7 


00 


3.15 


jNeat [ 
] 3 to 1 ) 


5 


330 




99.2 


91.0 


5 


20 


10 


00 


3.12 


(Neat \ 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


404 




95.8 


82.3 


5 


30 


9 


30 


3,12 


(Neat ) 
1 3 to U 


5 


327 




95.7 


79.9 


4 


30 


9 


00 


3.14 


J Neat ( 
1 3 to 1 ( 


5 


407 




97.2 


82.1 


5 


45 


8 


30 


3.16 


( Neat 1 
1 3 to 1 [ 


5 


381 




97.7 


76.8 


3 


00 


6 


30 




J Neat * 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


336 




97.8 


81.4 


5 


10 


8 


45 


3.14 


J Neat \ 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


383 




96.8 


78.9 


3 


00 


5 


45 


3.13 


J Neat ) 
1 3 to 1 1" 


5 


361 




98.0 


84.4 


3 


40 


6 


25 


3.12 


(Neat j 

1 3 to 1 f 


5 


431 


[" 


96.4 


79.2 


3 


00 


5 


00 


3.11 


(Neat ) 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


405 




94.8 


78.0 


3 


50 


6 


35 




JNeat ) 
1 3 to 1 f 


5 


410 




95.5 


79.9 


3 


49 


7 


14 


3.14 


J Neat [ 
1 3 to 1 , 


140 


377 


[" 


95.7 


79.1 


3 


41 


6 


59 


3.14 


J Neat 1 
1 3 to 1 1 


1340 


346 


* 


95.6 


77.4 


4 


00 


7 


30 


3.06 


JNeat j 
1 3 to 1 1 


5 


411 



* Routine O. K. Pat in air 



26 



Service, Showing Retrogression in Tensile Strength 
Presented by Mr. Davis. 



7 


28 


3 


6 


1 




2 


3 


5 


V4 


Days. 


Days. 


Months. 


Months. 


Year. 


Years. 


Years 


. Years. 


Years. 


OS 


ftp 


!l 




!l 




°4 




(u 




0^ 


0)0 


03 




1 «t-i tc t^xi 

3 © 03 y 




0/ 


©■s 


«!"^ 


13 "S 


W" 


^-iii 


aj'~" 


^■s 


03 •— 


flD *1^ 


05"^ 


03 "S 


fli ir 


ao"- 


' S "St 50 "" 


43 "^ 


OS*"" 


^2 


3 w 


-c 2 







73 03 
>3 ro 




-d 03 

<=! is 


1 = 


•0 03 


.d2 
So- 


-d 03 

r^ 03 


.o2 


•C 
3 C 


1 S o' 2 es 


1* 


73 © 

is 


3't. 


oS. 


»5"C 


o3 


3'^ 


o2. 


5 '2 


oS. 


S'C 


oS 


Su 


05, 


3'C 


- 


3 sr = 


3"C 


= 


^^ 


" CO 


553 


a, o- 


^2 




^x> 


'^ CD 


^^ 


p. c 

" CO 


^^ 




'zB 


" 




ZX> 






5 


667 


5 


635 


5 


695 


5 


718 


5 


827 


5 


756 


5 


75 


3 5 735 


5 


672 




5 


305 


5 


389 


5 


455 


5 


478 


5 


501 


5 


506 


5 


50 


4 5 476 


5 


445 




5 


873 


5 


747 


5 


801 


5 


849 


5 


746 


5 


819 


5 


76 


3 5 734 


5 


725 


' 


5 


317 


5 


378 


5 


417 


5 


440 


5 


421 


5 


4(« 


5 


34 


5 5 354 


5 


380 




5 


996 


5 


878 


5 


970 


5 


788 


5 


749 


5 


732 


5 


65 


4 5 779 






' 


5 


374 


5 


382 


5 


447 


5 


430 


5 


452 


5 


451 


5 


38 


9 5 425 








5 


888 


5 


873 


5 


865 


5 


893 


5 


765 


5 


816 


5 


88 


3 5 785 








5 


405 


5 


528 


5 


550 


5 


558 


5 


515 


5 


507 


5 


48 


4 5 510 








5 


845 


5 


790 


5 


780 


5 


782 


5 


688 


5 


739 


5 


67 


r 5 678 






■ 


5 


382 


5 


460 


5 


447 


5 


491 


5 


454 


5 


494 


5 


45 


4 5 463 








5 


763 


5 


709 


5 


666 


5 


776 


5 


711 


5 


568 


5 


66 


9 5 64y 






• 


5 


330 


5 


432 


5 


430 


5 


499 


5 


445 


5 


435 


5 


47 


4 5 448 








5 


852 


5 


811 


5 


740 


5 


819 


5 


712 


5 


624 


5 


72 


1 5 663 






■i 


5 


265 


5 


409 


5 


409 


5 


418 


5 


354 


5 


360 


5 


36 


3 5 368 








5 


824 


5 


788 


5 


869 


5 


796 


5 


826 


5 


706 


5 


70 


9 5 796 






1 


5 


308 


5 


407 


5 


458 


5 


425 


5 


447 


5 


368 


5 


32 


9 5 359 








5 


855 


5 


810 


5 


797 


5 


713 


5 


727 


5 


754 


5 


75 


6 5 672 






i 


5 


336 


5 


459 


5 


438 


5 


421 


5 


381 


5 


373 


5 


39 


3 5 381 








5 


701 


5 


665 


5 


800 


5 


698 


5 


630 


5 


6«6 


5 


71 


8 5 659 






A 


5 


299 


5 


314 


5 


494 


5 


458 


5 


474 


5 


459 


5 


46 


5 448 






J 


5 


739 


5 


722 


5 


786 


5 


724 


5 


660 


5 


748 


5 


69 


1 5 653 






A 


5 


251 


5 


383 


5 


416 


5 


.386 


5 


360 


5 


373 


5 


34 


3 5 362 








5 


597 


5 


542 


5 


625 


5 


562 


5 


502 


5 


715 


5 


64 


3 5 752 








5 


306 


5 


374 


5 


488 


5 


476 


5 


479 


5 


480 


5 


50 


2 5 491 








5 


771 


5 


720 


5 


938 


5 


826 


5 


748 


5 


705 


5 


62 


2 






• 


5 


309 


5 


384 


h 


364 


5 


351 


5 


297 


5 


314 


5 


38 


3 








5 


639 


5 


612 


5 


662 


5 


656 


5 


670 


5 


663 


5 


68 


6 








5 


394 


5 


455 


5 


497 


5 


442 


5 


512 


5 


458 


5 


43 


9 








5 


669 


5 


661 


5 


673 


5 


625 


5 


668 


5 


637 


5 


66 


5 








5 


330 


5 


459 


5 


491 


5 


436 


5 


462 


5 


435 


5 


43 











\ S 


750 


5 


618 


5 


728 


5 


689 


5 


671 


5 


701 


5 


74 


1 






" 


5 


339 


5 


434 


5 


432 


5 


425 


5 


425 


5 


404 


5 


42 


7 








5 


720 


5 


642 


5 


674 


5 


676 


5 


713 


5 


750 


5 


63 


4 








5 


344 


5 


386 


5 


437 


5 


422 


5 


379 


5 


407 


5 


36 


8 








5 


766 


5 


70-^ 


5 


709 


5 


681 


5 


724 


5 


696 


5 


70 


7 






- 


5 


366 


5 


454 


5 


417 


5 


400 


5 


342 


5 


851 


5 


38 


5 








5 


649 


5 


627 


5 


668 


5 


616 


5 


645 


5 


561 


5 


64 


5 






" 


5 


331 


5 


401 


5 


410 


5 


458 


5 


408 


5 


378 


5 


40 


9 








) 5 


838 


5 


783 


5 


720 


5 


740 


5 


653 


5 


685 














1 5 


372 


5 


440 


5 


44:^ 


5 


417 


5 


436 


5 


391 














1 5 


872 


5 


822 


5 


770 


5 


726 


5 


728 


















5 


344 


5 


500 


5 


430 


5 


412 


5 


424 


















5 


754 


5 


690 


5 


702 


5 


659 


5 


652 


















5 


334 


5 


461 


5 


455 


5 


450 


5 


425 


















f 5 


619 


5 


601 


5 


615 


5 


621 


5 


601 


















5 


278 


5 


355 


5 


431 


5 


423 


5 


430 


















; 5 


678 


5 


675 


5 


722 


5 


779 


5 


787 


















i 5 


278 


5 


396 


5 


441 


5 


451 


5 


450 


















5 


785 


5 


753 


5 


763 


5 


826 






















5 


299 


5 


40S 


5 


461 


5 


477 






















> 5 


846 


5 


786 


5 


781 


5 


783 






















1 5 


381 


5 


430 


5 


477 


5 


461 






















1 5 


753 


5 


750 


5 


839 


5 


762 






















5 


322 


5 


412 


5 


431 


5 


432 























i 5 


726 


5 


712 


5 


847 


























) 5 


359 


5 


406 


5 


458 


























< 140 


766 


140 


719 


140 


757 


"135 


'73.3 


"126' 


'764 


"166 


'763 


"95 


'69 


i * '60 '769 


"16 


'699 




) 140 


331 


140 


418 


140 


447 


135 


442 


120 


428 


100 


418 


95 


41 


5 60 424 


10 


413 




)34 403 


685 


33 051 


774 


1 555 


754 


1 220 


766 


1 035 


752 


850 


749 


730 


73 


3 440 717 


195 


719 




|34 403 


279 


33 051 


392 


1 555 


419 


1 220 


442 


1 035 


432 


850 


420 


730 


40 


6 440 397 


195 


389 




i 5 


891 


5 


953 


5 


1 008 


5 


816 


5 


662 


5 


547 


5 


56 


5 5 582 




. . . . 




i 5 


388 


5 


361 


5 


375 


5 


324 


5 


320 


5 


337 


5 


35 


5 5 340 







disintegrated at end of 1 year. 



27 



A tabulation of the replies is given in Table 6. 
The following is a summary of the reasons given in the replies for 
recommending this change: 

1. It would result in unification of practice. A . bag is now 

variously assumed as equivalent to 0.9 to 1.1 cubic feet. 

2. It would simplify computations. 

3. It would more nearly approximate one cubic foot. 

4. It would result in greater accuracy and facilitate proportion- 

ing in field work. 

5. It would result in a slightly richer mixture. 

6. It would result in a saving of cement due to the decrease in 

the number of bags in which cement waste would be carried 
off. 

7. It would decrease the number of bags required in large work 

and therefore decrease the loss due to unreturnable bags. 

8. It would be a convenient basis for selling cement by weight. 

9. It would afford a desirable basis for freight rates and hauling. 

The following is a summary of the reasons given against this 
change : 

1. It would upset the present well-established practice. 

2. It would make a bag too heavy for one man to handle. 

3. It would increase the cost of the bag. 

4. It would increase the proportion of cement to other aggregates 

in concrete. 

5. It would result in an enormous loss to the manufacturer. 

The following is a summary of additional reasons advanced by the 
Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturers in reply to 
a letter from the Conference: 

1. It would give the foreign manufacturer an unfair advantage: 

(a) In foreign markets. 

(b) In domestic markets. 

It would prevent the use of the paper bag in making shipments. 
It would necessitate a change in size and increase the cost of 

the barrel. 
It would necessitate heavier cloth since the present weight of 

cloth would be insufficient to stand the additional weight of 

cement. 
It would cause an increase in transportation charges. 
It would be antagonistic to the efforts being made to introduce 

the metric system in this country. 
It would increase the difficulties of tying the bag securely. 



2. 
3. 



28 



TABLE 6. — Summary of Eeplies to Letter of Inquiry of 
Joint Conference Concerning Size of Bag of Portland 
Cement. Prepared by Executive Committee. 

Question No. 1— Would you favor increasing the contents of the bag to 100 pounds net? 

No. 3— Would you favor decreasing the contents of the bag to 80 or 50 pounds net? 

No. 3— Is it your opinion that an increase in the contents of the bag to 100 pounds 
net would result in any additional inconvenience in handling on the 
work? 

No. 4— Is it your practice to consider the present bag (94 pounds net) the equiva- 
lent of 0.94 of a cubic foot? 

No. 5— Have you ever used bags containing 100 pounds net? 



Name. 



Answers to Question NuMBERt 



I'.W. Cappelen City Engineer, Minneapolis. Minn. 

F. S. King, City Engineer, Cincinnati, Ohio 

A, W. Dean, Chief Engineer, State Highway 

Commission, Boston, Mass 

John A. Bensel, State Highway Engineer, Albany, 

N. Y 

H. G. Shirley, Chief Engineer, State Road Com- 
mission, Baltimore. Md 

A. N. Johnson, State Highway Engineer, Spring- 
field, 111 

L. S. Smith, State Highway Engineer, Madison, 

Wis 

James R. Marker, State Highway Engineer. 

Columbus. O 

C. J. Bennett, State Highway Engineer, Hartford, 

Conn 

Thomas H. McDonald, State Highway Engineer, 

Ames, la 

W. S. Gerhart, State Engineer, Manhattan, Kans. 
Hunter McDonald, Chief Engineer, N. C. & St. L. 

Ry., Nashville, Tenn 

Homer Hamlin, City Engineer, Los Angeles. Calif. 
L. K. Rourke, Commissioner of Public Works, 

Boston, Mass 

.John Erickson, City Engineer, Chicago, 111 

T. J. Wilkerson. Bridge Engineer, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

E. R. Lyman, City Engineer, Louisville, Ky 

L. D. Smoot, Commissioner of Public Works, 

Jacksonville, Fla 

Robert Hoffman. Chief Engineer, Department of 

Public Service, Cleveland, O 

Herman Beal, Omaha, Nebr 

Philip H. Dater, City Engineer, Portland, Ore.. 

A. H. Dimcck, City Engineer, Seattle. Wash 

Theodore Skinner, Oneida Community, Oneida, 

N. Y 

White Fireproofing Co., New York, N. Y 

C. S. Churchill, Chief Engineer, N. & W. R. R., 

Roanoke, Va 

H. Fernstrom, Chief Engineer, Virginian Ry.. 

Norfolk, Va 

W. B. Storey, Chief Engineer, A . T. & S. F6 

Ry., Chicago. Ill 

H. C. Turner, President, Turner Construction 

Company, New York, N. Y 

L. C. Wason, President, Aberthaw Constuction 

Company. Boston. Mass 

William Steele & Sons. Philadelphia, Pa 

Ballinger & Perrot, Philadelphia. Pa 

Unit Construction Company, St. Louis, Mo 

Leonard Construction Company, Chicago, 111 

C. A. P. Turner, Minneapolis, Minn 

Sanford E. Thompson, Newton Highlands, Mass. 
T. L. Condron, President, Condron & Sinks Com- 
pany. Chicago, 111 

William B. Fuller, New York, N. Y 

J. R. Worcester, Boston, Mass 

George S. Webster, City Engineer, Philadelphia, 

Pa 

Federal Engineering Company. Milwaukee, Wis. 

E. C. Shankland, Chicago, 111 

H. M. Byllesby & Company, Chicago, 111 



no 

yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

no 
yes 

** 
yes 

neutral 
yes 
yes 
yes 

no 

yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 

yes 
no 

yes 

no 

no 

no 

no 
no 
no 
no 
yes 
yes 
yes 

no 
no 
yes 

no 
no 
yes 
yes 



2 


3 


4 


no 
no 


yes 


1.0 
1.00 


no 


no 


0.94 


no 


no 




no 


no 


0.94 


no 


no 


0.95 


no 


no 


0.94 




no 


1.00 


no 


no 


1.00 


no 
no 


no 


0.95 
0.94 


** 


** 


** 


no 


no 


1.00 


no 
no 
no 
no 


no 
no 
no 
no 


0.85 
0.95 
0.94 

1.00 


no 








1.00 

no 

yes 

0.875 


no 
no 

no 


no 
no 
no 


yes 50 
no 


no 
no 


1.00 
1.00 


no 


no 


1.00 


no 


no 


0.875 


no 




1.00 1 


no 


no 


1.00 


no 
no 
no 
no 
no 
no 
no 


no 
no 
yes 
yes 
no 
no 
no 


1.00 
0.94 
0.94 
1.00 
0.94 
1.00 
0.94 


no 
no 
no 


no 
yes 
no 


l.no 
0.94 
0.94 


no 
no 
no 
no 


yes 
no 
no 
yes 


0.90 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 



no 
no 

no 

no 

no 

no 

no 

no 

no 



no 

no 

no 
no 

DO 

no 



no 
no 
no 
no 

no 



no 
no 
no 



no 
no 
no 
no 
no 
no 
no 

no 
no 
no 

no 
no 
no 
no 



t For questions see top of page. 

** A discussion of the matter without detailed answers. 
* More information, reasons, etc., given in correspondence. 



29 



TABLE 6.— (Concluded.) 



Question No. 1— Would you favor increasing the contents of the bag to 100 pounds net? 

No. 2— Would you favor decreasing the contents of the bag to 80 or 50 pounds net? 

No. 3— Is it your opinion that an increase in the contents of the bag to 100 pounds 
net would result in any additional inconvenience in handling on the 
work? 

No. 4— Is it your practice to consider the present bag (94 pounds net) the equiva- 
lent of 0.94 of a cubic foot? 

No. 5— Have you ever used bags containing 100 pounds net? 



Name. 



C. F. Loweth, Chief Engineer, C, M, & St. 

R. R., Chicago, 111 

Allen & Garcia Company, Chicago, 111 

D. B. Luten, Indianapolis, Ind 

S. T. Wagner, Chief Engineer., P. & R. R. R., 

Phi ladelphia. Pa 

Howard Egleston, New Orleans, La , 

W. G. Wiltins Company, Pittsburgh, Pa 

Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Company, New 

York, N. Y 

Reinforced Concrete Company, St. Louis, Mo. . . 
H. H. Quimby, Chief Engineer, City Transit 

Department, Philadelphia, Pa 

N. P. Lewis, Chief Engineer, Board of Estimate, 

New York, N. Y 

Allen Hazen, New York, N. Y 

Alphonse Custodis Chimney Construction Com 

pany, New York, N. Y 

Wiederholt Construction Company, St. Louis, 

Mo 

National Fireproofing Company. New York. jN .Y. 
Ransome Engineering Company, Dunellen, N. J. 

Emerson & Norris, Boston, Mass 

Frank B. Gilbreth, Providence, R. I 

Benjamin J. Howes, New York. N. Y 

Howard Chapman, New York, N. Y 

Stone & Webster, Boston, Mass 

J. W. Alvord, Chicago, 111 

MacArthur Concrete Pile and Foundation Com- 
pany, New York, N. Y 



J. W. Smith, Chief Engineer, Board of Water 
Supply, New York, N. Y 

Alfred Craven, Chief Engineer, Rapid Transit 
Commission, New York, N. Y 

O. H Landreth, Schenectady, N, Y 

Isham Randolph & Company^ Chicago, 111 

Morris Knowles, Pittsburgh, Fa 



G. J. Ray, Chief Engineer, D., L. & W, R. R., 
Hoboken, N. J 



H. R. Leonard, Bridge Engineer, P. R, R., Phil- 
adelphia, Pa 

A. W. Thompson, Vice-President, B. & O. R. R., 
Baltimore, Md 

Raymond Concrete Pile Company, New York, 



R. A. Cummings, Pittsburgh, Pa 

C. T. Main, Boston, Mass 

Ford, Bacon & Davis, New York, N. Y. 

Carl Leonhardt, Los Angeles, Calif. .. 



Waddell & Harrington, Kansas City, Mo 

J. E. Gremer, Baltimore, Md 

C. W. Hendrick, Chief Engineer, Sewerage Com- 
mission, Baltimore, Md 



Total. 



Yes 

No . 



Answers to Question Number t 



2 



no no no 1.00 on 

Recommend bag of size to hold 1 cu. ft., 
near as possible, 
no no no 1.00 no 



no 
yes 
yes 

yes 
yes 

yes 



yes 

yes 

no 
no 
no 

no 

no 

yes 

yes 
i wt. for 
lieu. ft. 

yes 

no 



yes 

yes 
yes 

yes 
yes 

yes 



yes 

yes 



no 



no 
no 
no 

no 
no 



no 
no 
no 



no 
no 

no 

no 



no 
no 
no 
no 



no 



no 



no 
no 
no 

no 
no 



.no 
no 



yes 

yes 

yes 
no 



yes 



no 
no 
no 
no 

no 



no 



no 



0.90 
1.00 
1.00 

1.00 
0.94 

0.90 



94 
0.94 



1.00 

1.00 

94 1b. 

net 



no 
no 
no 

no 
no 

no 



no 
no 



1.00 
0.90 

1.00 

1.00 

6 bags for 1 
cu. yd. of 
1-2-4 cone. 



no 
no 



no 



0.875 

0.94 

0.94 

0.94 

0.94 

and 

1.00 

0.94 

0.94 

1.00 



no 
no 
no 
no 

no 



no 



no 

Recommends fix weight of cement 
at so much per cubic foot. 



yes 
no 
100 lbs. 
gross 
no 
no 

no 



42 

2y 



no 
no 

no 

no 

no 



1 

70 



no 
yes 

no 

no 
no 



11 

54 



1.00 



1.00 

1.00 
0.95 

0.90 



no 



no 

no 
no 




65 



t For questions see top of page. 

* More information, reasons, etc., given in correspondence. 



30 



8. It would require readjustment of the automatic weighing 

machinery, the size of trucks and possibly the method of 
loading cars, involving considerable additional labor and 
expense. 

9. It would necessitate rewriting and recalculating cost data, 

records used in the manufacture, reprinting textbooks, speci- 
fications, quotation sheets and other literature in which this 
weight is used. 

It is stated in this letter that 53 of its members oppose the change 
and 2 do not. 

After a careful analysis of the data the Conference concluded that 
while it is desirable, it is inadvisable at present to increase the net 
weight of a bag or barrel of cement. 

(i) Storage. 

The Government specifications did not include the requirement for 
storage which has been incorporated in the recommended specifications. 

(j) Inspection. 

Slight changes in phraseology are made for clearness. The time 
allowed by the specifications of the American Society for Testing 
Materials for inspection has been increased from 12 to 30 days. 

(k) Rejection. 

This new section recommended by the Conference is intended to 
include all matter relating to this subject. 

A new clause provides for the optional acceptance of cement, in- 
spected in bins, if not more than 10% of the samples fail to meet the 
requirements. 

There has been included paragraphs contained in the Government 
Specifications which reserve the right to reject a cement which has not 
established itself as a high grade Portland cement and packages which 
are short in weight or broken. 

B, Methods of Tests. 

(a) Sampling. 

Slight changes are made in the method of sampling in order to 
make them more specific, as regards the sampling of cement in pack- 
ages, in bins, and in bulk. 

31 



The Conference was not satisiied with the present practise in 
sampling cement in filled bins at the mill. A series of tests was 
made, therefore, at two cement plants for the purpose of determining 
the relative merits of several methods of sampling. Bins were espe- 
cially prepared by filling with alternate layers of sound and unsound 
cement and they were sampled by various methods. 

The bin illustrated in Fig. 1 was sampled as follows: 



LOCATION OF CEMENT SAMPLES 

BIN 20 MILL "A" 

LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO 

ORMROD, PA. 

APRIL 26-30, 1915 

Blackened portions show poBition of samples / 




Pig. 1. 

1. By a single tube sampler shown in Fig. 2 inserted vertically, in 

the usual manner, after the bin was filled. The cement at 
the top of the bin apparently flowed into and filled the sampler. 
This method thereby failed to meet the requirements. 

2. By a double tube sampler (Fig. 2) inserted vertically with the 

slots closed after the bin was filled ; after the sampler was fully 
inserted the slots were opened by rotating the inner tubes 
and the sampler was rotated until it was filled with cement 
when the slots were closed and the sampler withdrawn. The 
cement at the top of the bin apparently flowed into and filled 
the sampler. This method thereby failed to meet the require- 
ments. 

3. A triple tube sampler of about 5 inches diameter was placed in 

the empty bin, at one end as shown in Fig. 1, with slots open. 
As the bin was filled the cement flowed into the sampler 



32 



through the slots. After the bin was completely filled, the 
slots were closed by rotating the inner pipes. The two inner 
tubes were withdrawn from the outer tube which was left in 
the bin. The sampler was placed in a horizontal position, the 
slots were then opened and the cement allowed to flow out on 
the floor. This method gave excellent samples vertically for 
each 9 inches of the contents of the bin. It was felt, how- 
ever, that it was not desirable to recommend this method be- 
cause of the possibility of filling these tubes before the bin 
is filled. 

TYPES OF SAMPLERS 



I 

i 



I I Single Tube Sampler 




n 



Dimensions approximate 
i^ 3'-^ 2'-4h| Double Tube Sampler 



X s 






Screw Auger Sampler 




Fig. 2. 

4. Two-inch iron pipes were placed in the walls of the empty bin 

as shown in Fig. 1, and after the bin was filled, an auger shown 
in Fig. 2 was inserted into the bin through these pipes and the 
sample drawn out; the first samples were taken through the 
tin sleeve shown in Fig. 2, but this method was abandoned 
as it was found unnecessary where there are fixed pipes. 
Where no pipe was used and only a hole .was made in the 
walls of the bin, the sleeve was found to be necessarj^ in 
order to secure the sample 18 inches from the face of the 
bin. Each pipe was so placed as to permit taking a sample 
for each 100 barrels. 

5. A permanent series of vertical pipes, each successively one foot 

shorter than that adjacent to it, were placed across the center 



33 



of the bin back of the spout. It was found impractical to 
secure a sample from these pipes with either the single or 
double tube sampler. 

6. Scoup samples were taken from the top of the bin as shown in 

Fig. 1. 

7. Hourly check samples were also taken from the belt. 

The cement in the bin shown in Fig. 3, was sampled through holes 
in its walls using a tin sleeve and an auger. 

The results of the tests, especially for soundness, are given in Table 
7, in which the sample numbers correspond to the numbers given in 
Figs. 1 and 3. 







LOCATION OF CEMENT SAMPLES 


.^, ■ 




- -- -- -BiW.4 S.H. N0.1 






COPLAY CEMENT MANUFACTURING CO. 
COPLAYPA., APRIL 30, 1915 




109 


MILL "B" 
_ ..^« . Blackened portions show position of samples 


Sound Cement 




O 


Unsound Cement 




107 106 
O - O 






108 
O 

END ELEVATION 



105 
O 



103 
O 



102 

O 



104 
O" 



101 
O 



-24'approx— 




Fig. 3. 
As a result of these tests it was found that the only efficient, 
practical and wholly satisfactory method was that by which the samples 
are taken with an auger through pipes or holes in the sides of the 
bins and this method has been inserted in the specifications. 

(b) Methods of Chemical Analysis. 

Methods are recommended for the determination of only those con- 
stituents which are limited by the specifications. 

The American Society of Civil Engineers adopted the recommenda- 
tion of the Committee of the New York Section of the Society for 
Chemical Industry with the exception of the methods for the deter- 
mination of loss on ignition and insoluble residue. 

The United States Government adopted the recommendations of 
the New York Section of the Society for Chemical Industry with cer- 
tain modifications. 

As this committee of the New York Section of the Society for 
Chemical Industry was no longer in existence, it was decided that the 



34 



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36 



revision should be prepared under the direction of the Executive Com- 
mittee of the Conference in co-operation with the Bureau of Standards, 
with the advice of W.^ F. Hillebrand and Clifford Richardson. 

Tentative methods were prepared and submitted to a number of 
chemists with three samples of cement (A, B and C) for analysis; 
B and C being duplicates. The results of these analyses are given 
in Table 8. 

The determination of loss on ignition did not show satisfactory 
concordance and a second series of analyses were made (on duplicates 
of the same samples that were used in the first series), results of which 
are given in Table 9. 

The recommended methods are given in Part II, together with 
limits of tolerance which were J)repared after studying the results of 
co-operative analyses. 

The purpose of the tolerance is not to change the requirements of 
the' specifications but rather to allow for the experimental error due to 
the personal equation of the analyst. 

When a number of samples from a single bin or carload are ana- 
lyzed, the majority of these analyses must be within the requirements 
of the specifications, although some of them may exceed the require- 
ments to within the limit of tolerance and still be accepted; or when 
a number of analyses are made of a single sample the results of the 
majority of these analyses must be within the requirements of the 
specifications, although some of the results may exceed the requirements 
to within the limit of tolerance. 

(c) Determination of Specific Gravity. 

Slight changes are made in phraseology as regards the method 
and a recommendation is made concerning the standardization of the 
flask. 

(d) Determination of Fineness. 

A slight change is made in phraseology in order to make the method 
mote specific and a modification is made in the specification for stand- 
ard sieves. 

(e) Mixing Cement Pastes and Mortars. 

The wording is slightly changed and more specific instructions are 
given regarding the time of mixing. 

(f) Normal Consistency. 

The Conference addressed the following letter, under date of No- 
vember 30, 1912, to all known cement testing laboratories : 

"Sir: 

The Special Committee on Uniform Tests of Cement of the Ameri- 
can Society of Civil Engineers on January 17, 1912 presented its final 
report on uniform methods of tests for cement. 

37 



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38 



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40 



TABLE 9. — Kesults of Second Determination of Loss on Ignition 

Made for Joint Conference. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



Analyst 


Cement A. 


Cement B.* 


Cement C* 


Number. . 


Blast Lamp. 


Muffle. 


Blast Lamp. 


Muffle. 


Blast Lamp. 


Muffle. 


3 


2.86 
2.86 




2.34 
2.34 




2.29 
2.29 




Average. . . 




5 


2.82 
2.80 




2.38 
2.38 


.... 


2.33 
2.31 




Average. . . 


2.81 


— 


2.38 


— 


2.32 





9 


2.90 
2.90 


2.90 
2.90 


2.30 
2.30 


2.35 
2.35 


2.88 
2.38 


2.50 


Average. . . 


2.50 


Ui 


2.90 
2.80 


2.87 
2.90 


2.28 
2.37 


2.34 
2.32 


2.35 

2.41 


2.36 




2.40 


Average. . . 


2.85 


2.88 


2.32 


2.33 


2.38 


2.38 


12 


2.75 
2.75 


.... 


2.23 
2.23 




2.24 
2.24 




Average. . . 




14...'.. 


3.06 
3.22 


3.00 
2.80 


2.72 
2.60 


2.38 
2.54 


2.58 
2.46 


2 42 




2.34 


Average. . . 


3.14 


2.90 


2.66 


2.46 


2.52 


2.38 


15 


2.75 
2.75 


3.25 
3.25 


2.31 
2.31 


1.60 
1.60 


2.28 
2.28 


2.04 


Average. . . 


2.04 


20 


2.75 
2.75 


2.76 
2.76 


2.27 
2.27 


2.28 
2. -^8 


2.30 

2.30 


2.39 


Average... 


2.39 


21 


3.00 
3.00 


2.80 
2.80 


2.73 
2.73 


2.36 
2.36 


2.47 
2.47 


2 27 


Average. . . 


2.27 


22 


3.03 
3.08 


2.87 
2.84 


2.58 
2.56 


2.39 
2.38 


2.55 
2.55 


2.35 




2.83 


Average. . . 


3.05 


2.85 


2.57 


2.38 


2.55 


2.34 


23 


2.58 
2.62 




2.18 
2.12 


.... 


2.21 
2.21 








Average. . . 


2.60 


.... 


2.15 




2.21 




26 


2.81 
2.79 


.... 


2.31 
2.30 




2.29 

2.29 








Average. . . 


2.80 




2.30 


.... 


2.29 




29 


3.01 
3.U2 




2.33 
2.33 




2.35 
2.32 






.... 


Average. . . 


3.01 




2.33 




2.33 


' 


33 


2.94 
2.94 


2.84 
2.84 


2.42 
2.42 


2.35 
2.35 


2.40 
2.40 


2.B1 


Average. . . 


2.31 


35 


2.88 
2.99 


.... 


2.32 
2.30 




2.52 
2.50 






.... 


Average. . . 


2.93 




2.31 




2.51 




36 


2.95 
2.95 


2.85 
2.85 


2.45 
2.45 


2.41 
2.41 


2.50 
2.50 


2 37 


Average. . . 


2.37 


38 


2.84 
2.84 
2.86 


2.82 
2.84 
2.82 


2.36 
2.36 
2.36 


2.32 
2.34 
2.34 


2.34 
2.36 
2.36 


2.34 




2.32 
2.32 


Average. . . 


2.85 


2.83 


2.36 


2.33 


2.35 


. 2.33 


42 


2.74 
2.78 


1.30 
1.25 


2.28 
2.26 


0.71 
0.78 


2.25 
2.22 


0.76 




0.94 


Average... 


2.76 


1.27 


2.27 


0.74 


2.23 


0.85 



* Cement samples B and C are duplicates. 



41 



' ^We American Society for Testing Materials adopted a Standard 
Specification for Cement on August 16, 1909. 

The President of the United States on April 30, 1912, established 
United States Government Standard Specifications and Methods of 
Tests for Portland Cement. 

Because of certain differences in the methods and specifications 
above mentioned, a Joint Conference, representing the American So- 
ciety of Civil Engineers, the American Society for Testing Materials, 
and the United"States Government was organized on October 24, 1912, 
for the purpose of reaching an agreement on uniform methods of 
tests and on standard specifications for cement. 

The principal matters under consideration relate to the methods 
of determining normal consistency and time of setting. 

The Joint Conference is endeavoring to obtain data such as will 
enable it to reach a conclusion. 

The purpose of this letter is to secure expert opinions and recom- 
mendations as -to the matters under consideration. It is hoped that 
you will give this subject earnest consideration and co-operate in every 
way- with the Joint Conference. " 

It is requested that the questions be answered carefully and fully 
by the cement expert in charge and returned immediately in the en- 
closed envelope. 

Respectfully," 

3 Enclosures. 



Normal Consistency. (1) 

Question 1. Have you had experience in the determina- 
tion of the normal consistency of Portland cement 
(i. e., percentage of water required for neat cement 
paste) with: 

(a) Ball method? 

(h) Vicat method? 

Question 2. 

(a) Which method do you commonly use? 
(h) How frequently do you determine normal con- 
sistency? • 



Answer, 
(a) .... 
(h) .... 

Answer, 
(a) .... 
(h) .... 



Question 3. Which method do you find most accurate? 



Question If. Is reply to question 3 based on: 

{a) Comparative tests? (Please furnish data if 
possible) 

___.(&) Usage without comparative tests? 
(c) Personal opinion only? 



Answer. 

Answer. 

(a) 

(b) .... 

(c) 



42 



Question 5. Which method do you regard as the simpler 
and more convenient? 

Question 6. Is reply to question 5 based on: 

(a.) Comparative tests? (Please furnish data if 

possible) 
(Z?) Usage without comparative tests? 
(c) Personal opinion only? 

Question 7. All things considered, which method do 
you recommend as a standard for the United States? 

Question 8. A statement of the preference of your 
individual laboratory men, experienced in this work 
and with both methods is requested. 

How many prefer: 

(a) Ball method? 

(fe) Vicat method? 



Answer. 

Answer, 
(a) .... 

{h) .... 
(c) 

Answer. 



Answer. 
{a) .... 
Qy) .... 



Question 9. Kindly embody here or in accompanying letter any further 
comment which you may wish to make and the reasons for the 
above replies. 



Time of Settting. (2) 

Question 1. Have you had experience in the determina- 
tion of time of setting with: Answer, 
(a) Vicat apparatus ? (a) .... 
(h) Gillmore apparatus? (h) .... 

Question 2. Which method do you commonly use? Answer. 

Question 3. Approximately how many tests have you 

made within the past two years with: Answer. 

(a) Vicat apparatus ? (a) .... 

(h) Gillmore apparatus? (h) .... 

Question 4- Which method do you find most accurate? Answer. 

Question 5. Is reply to question 4 based on: Answer. 

(a) Comparative tests ? (Please furnish data if (a) 

possible) 

(h) Usage without comparative tests? (6.) .... 

(c) Personal opinion only? • (c) . . . . . 

43 



Question 6. Which apparatus do you regard as the Answer, 

simpler and more convenient ? . . . . , 

Question 7. Is reply to question 6 based on: Answer. 

(a) Comparative tests ? (Please furnish data if (a) . . . . . 

possible) 

(Z>) Usage without comparative tests? (h) . .. . 

(c) Personal opinion only? (c) .... 

Question 8. All things considered, which method do Answer, 

you recommend as a standard for the United States ? .... 

Question 9. A statement of the preference of your 
individual laboratory men, experienced in this work 
and with both forms of apparatus is requested. How 

many prefer: Answer. 

(a) Vicat apparatus? (a) .... 

(h) Gillmore apparatus? (h) .... 



Question 10. Kindly embody here or in accompanying letter any 
further comment which you may wish to make and the reasons for 
the above replies. 

'■ General Information. (3) 

If not objectionable, the Joint Conference would be pleased to have 
answers to the following questions, which will be treated confidentially. 

Question 1. Is your laboratory engaged in: Answer. 

(a) Commercial testing ? (a) 

(h) . Testing cement for your own use? (h) 

(c) Research work? (c) 

Question 2. How many samples of cement have been Answer, 
tested in the last two years (approximately) ? 

Question 3. Embody here any general information relating to your 
experience or investigations made by the laboratory which you think 
may be of service to the Joint Conference. 

The replies concerning normal consistency received in answer to 
this letter are given in Tables 10 and 11 and a summation of the 
replies is given in Table 12. 

44 



Ti^RNiNG Methods of Deter3iination of ISTormal Consistency. 



ion No. 5 
a method 
>u regard 
simpler 
1 more 
lenient ? 



All« * 
Atc^J 
Baiajl 

Bu^l 
Bal*}j 

Bal- • • • 
Brdcat 

Bufil 
Pul — 
Cr(aA| 
Caiftll 
Cai ••• 

Coi^JI 
Oflf^li 
Ins^li 
Unall 
C all 
Bo>l} 

C icat 

De^l 
Er^ll 
Fl#ll 
Fr(all 
GuJcat 
Geicat 
Gn^lJ 
Hif^ll 
Ha 
call 

Hv^ll 

Roall 

Jol* 

Irc^ll 

IntftU 

Illilcat 

lo^ftll 

Ka^ll 

Le^U 

La .... 

Lelicat 

Ofl&U 

LoftU 

Loieat 



Question No. 6 
Is reply to question 
No. 5 based on : 

(a) Comparative tests ? 

(b) Usage without com- 

parative tests ? 

(c) Personal opinion ? 
(a) (b) (c) 



no 


.... 


partially 


yes 


yes 


yes 


no 


.... 


yes 


.... 


yes 


no 


yes 




yes 


.... 


yes 




no 


yes 


no 


yes 
* 


yes 


.... 


.... 


yes 


yes 


.... 


no 


yes 


.... 


yes 


yes 
* 


* '*' 


yes 




yes 


no 


— 


yes 


yes 


*"*' 


yes 


.... 


"*' 


yes 
* 


.... 


yes 


yes 




— 


yes 


yes 


no 


yes 


yes 


.... 


yes 



no 
yes 



yes 



yes 



yes 

no 

yes 



yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 

yes 



Question No. 7 
All things consid- 

sidered, which 

method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 

United States ? 



Question No. 8 
A statement of the preference 
of your individual laboratory 
men experienced in this work 
and with both methods is re- 
quested. 
How many prefer : 

(A) Ball (B) Vicat 



Vicat 
Ball 

Vicat 
Vicat 

Vicat 
Ball 

Vicat 
Vicat 



Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Vicat 

Ball' * 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 



Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 



have none 
2 
1 




all 
"2 







3 
4 
2 
1 
none 



4 

4 

* 


all 



none 
2 




0* 



0* 

0* 

1 

3 

3 



5 



none 



3 

0* 
1 



one 



subject was included in reply. 



TABLE 10.— Summary of Replies to Letters of Inquiry of Joint Conference, Dated Xov. 30, 1912, CoNcvamiNG JIetiiods of Determination ok Norm- 
Prepared BY Executive Committee. • - • i al onsistency. 



Individual or Compauy. 



AlleDtowD TestiDK Laboratory 

Atchison, Topeka <£ Santo F6 K, R 

Baltimore & Ohio R. K 

BuRttlo Testing Laboratory 

Baltimore Sewerage Commission 

Buffalo, Rochester & Pitisburgh R. E 

Baldwin Locomotive Works 

Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co 

Bureau of Standards 

Public Works, Boston, Mass 

CrowellA Murray 

Carneiiie Technical Schools 

Cambria Steel Co 



Cornell University 

Office of City Engineer. Birmingham 

Institute of Industrial Researcli 

Universltv of California Testing Laboratory 

C, B. & O.K. R 

Board of Public Woi ks. Grand Rapid: 

CR.I.&P.R.R 

C, C.C. &St. L. K. R.... 
Canadian Pacillc Railway 
Detroit Testing Laboratory, 

ErieR.R 

Floyd Rose & Co 

Froehllng & Robertson. 

QuIickHendei-son & Co 

General Electric Co 

Oreat Norihoru K.-R 

Hildreth&Co 

HafKrovc, Julian C, Inspector of 

Cement, District of Columbia 

Hudson-Manhattan R. R , 

Robert W. Hunt & Co 

John Hawley, Consulting Engineer. . 

Iron Citv Testing Laboratory 

Industrial Testing Laboratory 

IlliuoiR Central R. R. . . 

Iowa State University 

Kansas City Testing Laboratory 

Lehigh Valley Testmg Laboratory. . . 
Lake Sliore & Michigan Southern E. 

Lehigh University 

OlDceot Ciiy Engineer, Los Angeles, 
Los Angeles Aqueduct Commission. . 
Louisville & Nashville R. R 



Question No. 1 
Have you had experi- 
ence in the determi- 
nation of the normal 
consistency of Port- 
land cement * 
(A) BaU (B) Vicat 



very little 
few 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
very little 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
very little 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 

yes 
eldom 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



Question No. 2 



(Ai Which 
method do 
you com- 
m o n 1 y 
tise? 



Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

BaU 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 



Vioat 



Ball 

Ball 

both 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 



Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

none 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

neither" 



(B) How frequently 
do you determine 
normal consisten- 
cy? 



every sample 

every sample 

every sample 

twice per month 

once per month 

2f per week 

every sample 

2 a month 

whenever testing 

new cement 

twice per week 



on each sample 

rarely 

every sample 

5 to 15 per week 

every shipment 

every sample 

infrequent 

infrequently 

every sample 

every sample 

every lot 
occasionally 
every sample 

daily 
each cement* 

each sample* 

every other sample 

not at all 

each shipment 

daily 

once a day 

every batch 



Oupqtion Question No. 4 

No i Is reply to Question 
Which No. 3 based on: 
method do'<S; C"mpar«tive tests' 
vou flnd '•>> Usage without com- 
you nna parative tests? 

(c) Personal opinion ? 
(a) (b) (c) 



Vicat 
Vicat 
no choice 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Vicat 
no pref . 



Vicat 

* 

Ball* 

« 

Vicat 



Vicat 



BaU 

no choice 
no choice 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
no choice 



Que.stlon No. B 

Which method 

do you t«gard 

as simpler 

and more 

couvenlaat ? 



yes 
no 
yes 



yes 

yes 
no 

yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 



Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 



BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
Vioat 



Ball 

BaU 

BaU 

Ball 

Vioat 

Vioat 

Bail 

Ball 

Ball 
Ball 
Ball 

Ball 

BaU 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 



Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 



Question No. 
Is reply to question 

No. B ba,se<l <in : 
(a) t'ompurntivp tests ? 
tb) Usagewiihouteom- 

parative tests ? 
(0) Personal opinion ? 
(»> (b) (0) 



Question No. 7 
All thiugs cousld- 

stdervd, which 

method do you 
recouuuoud aa a 
standard for the 

United States? 



no 




partially 
yes 
no 
yes 


yes 
yee 


yes 
yes 


no 


yes 




yes 
no 

no" 
yes 

yes" 
no 


yes 
yes 

yes' 
yes 


yee 


yes 


yes 




yes 


no 




yes 


y«i 


•■;• 


yes 


yes 




yes 


yes 
yes 


yes 
no 


yee 


yes 




yes 



Question No. 8 
A statement of the preference 
of your indlvldiuill8bor«t»iry 
meu experienced in this work 
and with both metbods is re- 
quested. 



How many prefer ; 
(A) BiUl 



Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vioat 

VIoal 



Vicat 

BiilV ■ 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vlcai 

Vicat 

Ball 



Ball 

Vicat 

Vioat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vlcnt 

Vicat 

Vioat 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Vicat 
Vioat 
Ball 
Vioat 



iB) Vicat 



* Question is not speciflcally answered, but is discussed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject was Included in reply. 



lestion No. 5 
hich method 
) you regard 
as simpler 
and more 
onvenient ? 



Vicat 

vicat 

* 

Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
* 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

neither 

Ball* 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 



Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 



Question No. 6 
Is reply to question 
No. 5 based on : 

(a) Comparative tests ? 

(b) Usage without com- 

parative tests ? 
(c) Personal opinion ? 
(a) (b) (c) 



yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 



yes 

yes 
no 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 

yes 



yes 
yes 

yes 



yes 
yes 



yes 



yes 

yes 
yes 

yes 



no 
no 



no 

yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 



yes 

yes 



partly 
yes 
yes 



no 

yes 

no 

yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 



DO 

yes 



yes 



yes 



Question No. 7 
All things consid- 
ered, which 
method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 
United States ? 



Question No. 8 
A statement of the preference 
of your individual laboratory 
men experienced in this work 
and with both methods is re- 
quested. 
How many prefer : 

(A) Ball (B) Vicat 



Vicat 
Vicat 

BalV 
Ball 
Vicat 
neither 



Vicat 
BaU 
Vicat 
Vicat 

Vicat 

BaU 

Vicat 

BaU 

BaU 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

BaU 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

neither 

Vicat 

Vicat 

BaU 

Ball 

Vicat 

BaU 
Ball 
Vicat 
BaU 



aU 



majority 



aU* 

■'6'* 

all 





aU 







all* 



. ..* 
**' * 



1 

* 



all* 


' all* 

"2" 



3* 
0* 



* 
all* 
aU 

* 

all 



3* 

3* 



2* 



6 
1* 

3* 



he whole subject was included in reply. 



TABLE 10. —(Concludecl.) 



Individual or Company 



Minneapolis City Cement Tester 

MiuMgan Central R. R 

New York University 

National Cash Register Co 

New York State Engineering Department.. . . 

Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis B. R — 

Office of Engineer of New Orleans, La 

Osborn Engineering Co 

Osborne, Raymond Gaylord 

Pennsylvania R. R. Co 

OfBce ot City Engineer, Ogden, Utah 

Ohio State University 

Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories (see below) 

Philadelphia & Reading R. R 

Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory. 

Penniman & Browne 

City ot Pittsburgh, Bureau ot Construction. 

Sherman, Herbert L 

State Highway Department of Ohio 

State University of Kentucky 

St. Louis & San Francisco R. R 

Southern PaciBc R. R 

Southern Pacific Co 

St. Paul City Cement Tester 

Stone & Webster 

Smith, Emery & Co 

Thompson, S. E 

University of Illinois 

Lafayette College 

University of Michigan 

University of Wisconsin 

University of Maine 

Union Pacific R. R 

tjnited States Reclamation Service 

University of Colorado 

University of Pennsylvania 

West Virginia University 

Westinghouse Airbrake Co 

Westiughouse, Church, Kerr & Co 

Worcester, J. E.,& Co 

Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories : 

" " " New York City 

" •' " Dallas, Tex 

*' " " St. Louis, Mo 

" Hudson, N.Y 



Question No. 1 
Have you had experi 
ence in the determl 
nation of the normal 
consistency of Port- 
land cement 
(A) Ball (B) Vicat 



(A) Which (B) How frequently 
method do do you determine 
you com- normal consisten 
m o n I y 
use? 



yes 
no 
yes 
yes 
very little 
yes 
yes 
few 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
little 

yes 
yes 
yes* 



Question No. 2 



Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

neither 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vleat 

Bail 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball* 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball* 

Vicat 

BaU 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

BaU 

BaU 

Vicat 

Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 



twice week 

every sample 

every test 

twice per month 

every sample 

2U0 times a year 

every sample* 

daily 

every new brand 

new brands* 

once per week 

twice per day 

every sample* 

every other sample 

each sample 

each sample 

each sample 

weekly* 

daily 

every sample 

daily 

not often 

every sample 

every sample 

every 5th sample 

infrequently 

200 per annum 

every sample 

every batch 

once a day 

each lot 

every sample 

frequently 
every shipment 



Question 

No. 3 

which 

method do 

you find 

most 

accurate ? 



Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
BaU 
no choice 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 

Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 

* 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
BaU 



Vicat 
BaU 
Vicat 
Ball 



Question No. 4 
Is reply to Question 

No. 3 based on : 
(a) Comparative tests! 
<b) Usage without com- 
parative tests? 
(c) Personal opinion? 
(a) (b) (c) 



yes 

yes 
yes 

yes* 
yes 



Question No. 6 
which method 
do you regard 
as simpler 
and more 
convenient ! 



Vicat 

vicit 

BaU 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

BaU 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

BaU 

Ball 

BaU 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

BaU 

Vtcat 

BsU 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

neither 

Ball* 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 



Ball 
BaU 
BaU 
Ball 



Question No. 6 
I'-feply to quesUon 
No. 5 based on : 

(a) Comparative teats? 

(b) Usage without com- 

parative t«sts J 
(c) Personal opinion ? 
(a) (b) (c) 



Question No. 7 
AU things consid- 
ered, which 
method do you 
recommend as a 
standard tor the 
United States ? 



yes 
yes 

yes 



Question No. 8 
A statement ot thp preference 
ot your individual liiboratory 
men experienced In thli work 
and with both methods la n- 
quested. 
How many prefer : 

(A) Ball (B) VIoat 



Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
neither 



Vicat 
BaU 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

VIoat 

BaU 

Vicat 

Vicat 

VIoat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

neither 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

BaU 

Vicat 

Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 



all* 



"aVl* 



* Question is not specifically answered, but the matter is discussed, or a detailed discussion ot the whole subject was included In reply. 






^U»! 



I'i: 



NCERNiNG Methods of Determination of Normal Consistency. 



Question 
No. 5. 
P'hich method 
lo you regard 
as simpler 
ind more con- 
venient? 



Ball 

Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
* 

Same 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 

Vicat 

BalV 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 

* 

Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 



Question No. 6. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 5 based on: 

(a) Comparative tests? 

(b) Usage without 
comparative tests? 

(c) Personal opinion? 
(a) (b) (c) 



Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes* 
Yes 
No 

Yes 

Yes 
No 
Yes 



No 
Yes 



No 
No 
Yes 



No* 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 



Yes 

Yes* 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 



No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 



Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
No 



Yes 
Yes 



Yes 



Yes 
No 



Yes 
Yes 

Yes 



Yes 



Question No. 7. 
All things consid- 
ered, which 

method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 

United States? 



Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 

vicat 

* 

Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 



Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 

Vicat 

Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Bail 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 

Ball 



Question No. 8. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men, experienced 
in this work and with both 
methods is requested. 
How many prefer: 
(a) BaU, (b) Vicat. 



None 
All 

* * *3 " 

All 

All 

AU 

4 

Hali' 
All 
5 

" '3 ■ * 

All 

3 

All 



All 





All 
2 
2 
3 



3 


None 



None 
Half 

* Ali * 



None 
None 



None 

None* 

None* 

All 



All* 

"o** 

0* 



b whole subject was included in reply. 



TABLE 11. — Summary of Replies to Letters of Inquiry of Joint Conference, Dated Nov. 30, 1912, Concerning Methods of Determination of Normal Consistency. 

Prepared by Executi\t: Committee. 



Individual or Company. 



Alabama Portland Cement Co 

Allentown Portland Cement Co 

Alpha Portland Cement Co 

Atlantic & Gulf Portland Cement Co 

Atlas Portland Cement Co 

Bath Portland Cement Co 

Bonner Portland Cement Co 

Burt Portland Cement Co 

California Portland Cement Co 

Canada Cement Co 

Cape Ciirardeau Portland Cement Co. . . 

Cayuga Lake Cement Co 

Chicago Portland Cement Co 

Clincnneld Portland Cement Co 

Colorado Portland Cement Co 

Continental Portland Cement Co 

Coplay Cement Manufacturing Co 

Crescent Portland Cement Co 

Dewey Portland Cement Co 

Dexter Portland Cement Co 

Dixie Portland Cement Co 

Edison Portland Cement Co 

German American Portland Cement Co. 

Glen Falls Portland Cement Co 

Hanover Portland Cement Co 

Heidelberg Cement Co 

Huron Portland Cement Co 

Inland Portland Cemen t Co 

lola Portland Cement Co , 

Iowa Portland Cement Co 

Ironton Portland Cement Co 

Eirkfleld Portland Cement Co 

Eosmos Portland Cement Co 

Lawrence Portland Cement Co 

Louisville Cement Co 

Marquette Portland Cement Co 



Question No. 1. 
Have you had experi- 
ence in the determi- 
nation of the normal 
consistency of Port- 
land cement? 
(A) hall. (B)Vicat. 



Little 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Question No. 2, 
(A) Which 
method 



do you 

commonly 

use? 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Vicat 
Ball 

Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Both 

Vicat 
BaU 
Ball 

Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 

Vicat* 



BaU 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
BaU 
Vicat 
BaU 
BaU 

BaU 
Vicat 
BaU 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
BaU 



(B) How frequently 
do you determine 
normal consist- 
ency? 



At least once a day' 

Each different ( 

brand* ( 

Weekly 

Once a day 

Bi-weekly 

Weekly 
Several daily 
Several daily 

Daily* 
Once a month 

Daily 

Once a month 

Weekly 

Daily 

Very seldom 

Daily 

Very seldom 

Daily 

Every a months 

Twice daily 

Daily 
Very rarely 

DaUy 



Bi-weekly* 
Daily 
DaUy 
Daily 

Not often 
Rarely 



Question 

No. 8. 

Which 

method do 

you find 

most 
accurate? 



Equal 
Vicat 



Vicat 

* 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Ball 
BaU 

Vicat 
Ball 

Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 



Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
* 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Vicat 
BaU 
Equal 
Cannot say 
Equal 
Ball 
Ball 



Question No. 4. 
Is reply to Question 
No. 3 based on: 

(a) Comparative tests. 

(b) Usage without 
comparative tests, 

(C) Personal opinion 
(a) (b) (c) 



Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
No* 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

Yes 



Question 

No. 5. 

Which method 

do you regard 

as simpler 
and more con- 
venient? 



Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
* 

Same 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
BaU 
BaU 
BaU 

Vicat 



Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 

BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 



Question No. 6. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 5 based on: 

(a) Comparative tests? 

(b) Usage without 
comparative tests? 

(c) Personal opinion? 
(a) (b) (c) 



Yes 

Yes 
Yes* 
Yes 



Yes 
No 
Yes 



No 
No 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes* 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 



Question No 7. 
All things consid- 
ered, which 

method do you 
recommend as a 
standard tor the 

United States? 



Vicat 
BaU 

Vicat 
Ball 
BaU 



Vicat 

« 

Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 



BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 



Question No. 8. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men, experienced 
in this work and with both 
methods is requested. 
How many prefer: 
(a) BaU, lb) Vicat. 



None 




All 




"s" 

All 
AU 
AU 
4 


8 

, None 

..!!..* 
None 


Half 

All 
5 

"s" 

All 
8 
All 


Half' 

ah" 

None 
None 


"4" 

4 
8 


None 

None* 

None* 

All 


All 





' Question not specifically answered, but the matter is discussed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject was Included in reply. 



stion 
►.5. 

method 
regard 
npler 
>re con- 
tent? 


Question No. 6. 
Is reply to Question 

No. 5 based on: 
(a) Comparative tests? 


Question No. 7. 
All things consid- 
ered, which 

method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 

United States? 


Question No. 8. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men, experienced 


(b) Usage without 
comparative tests? 

(c) Personal opinion? 
(a) (b) (c) 


in the work and with both 
methods is requested. 
How many prefer: 
(a) BaU. (b) Vicat. 


National []} 
Nazareth 




Yes 


Yes 


Ball 

Ball 

Vicat* 


All 
All 




New AetiV.' 


Yes 


.... 




Ball 


2 


0* 


Newaygo.,, 
New Oasf If 
Norfolk Py, 
Northam*{f 
North W({| 
Ogden P<;} 
Oklahom*" 
Omega P'*^ 


No 
Yes 

Yes 

No 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 


No 
Yes 

No 

Yes 


Yes 

Yes 

Yes 


Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Either 
Vicat 


1 

1 

1 
3 


1 
* 

' 2 " 


Ontario l-.y 
Pacific P{'{ 
Peerless 4! 
Peninsulql 


Yes 


.... 


Ball 

* 

Vicat 


*AU * 

* 

All 


"**** 


PennsylV-jj 
Riversid^fj 


* 
Yes 


* 


* 


Ball 
Vicat 


4 


6* 


Sandusk*'' 


.... 


Yes 


.... 


Ball 


2 




Santa Ci^}{ 


Yes 


No 


No 


Vicat 





4 


Security 41 
Southerri-'l 


No 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


Vicat 






Southwell 


Yes 


.... 


.... 


Ball 


3 


None 


Standard^*^ 


.... 


.... 


Yes 


Vicat 






Superior^ll 
Superior^^l 


Yes 


No 


No 


Ball 


All 


None 


Yes 


.... 


.... 


Ball 


All 


None 


Superioi*!! 
Texas Pd" 


.... 


«... 


.... 


Vicat 


All 




Yes 


.... 


.... 


Vicat 


AU 





Three Ffll 


.... 


Yes 


.... 


Ball 


AU 


* 


Tidewatf" 


Yes 


.... 


.... 


BaU 


3 




Toltec PflA 


• 4 . 


.... 


Yes 


Ball 


All 




Union PfH 


Yes 


, ^ 


.... 


Ball 


5 


6* 


Union S^at 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Vicat 





5 


United >•• 




.... 


.... 








United . 














denc^'l 


.... 


Yes 


.... 


Vicat 


1 


1 


United ; 














Kan.lll 


Yes 


• • • • 


.... 


Ball 


1* 


1 


United S'l 


.... 




Yes 


Vicat 




2 


United >11 


.... 


Yes 


.... 


Ball 






Univers«ll 


Yes 




• • • . 


Vicat 


i 


3 


Univers*ll 


Yes 




.... 


Vicat 






Vancou>ll 


a • • • 




Yes 


Ball 


4 


6* 


Virginia^ll 


Yes 


No 


No 


Ball 




. . .* 


Vulcaniill 


Yes 


.... 




Vicat 


6 


2 


WabashiU 


Yes 


• • . . 


No 


Vicat 




All 


Washing . . 














Westernll 


Yes 






Ball 






Whitehall 


Yes 




• • • • 


Ball 


Ail 




Wolveri)H 


Yes 


.... 




Vicat 




i-ii 


Wyandoll 


.... 


Yes 


.... 


Ball 


5 


None 



Die subject is included in reply. 



TABLE U.— (Concluded.) 



Individual or Company. 



National Portland Cement Co 

Nazareth Cement Co.. ••••••• 

New Aetna Portland Cement Co.* 

Newaygo Portland Cement Co 

New Castle Portland Cement Co 

Norfolk Portland Cement Co 

Northampton Portland Cement Co 

North Western States Portland Cement Co 

Ogden Portland Cement Co 

Oklahoma Portland Cement Co 

Omega Portland Cement Co 

Ontario Portland Cement Co 

Pacific Portland Cement Co 

Peerless Portland Cement Co 

Peninsular Portland Cement Co 

Pennsylvania Cement Co 

Riverside Portland Cement Co 

Sandusky Portland Cement Co 

Santa Cruz Portland Cement Co , 

Security Lime and Cement Co 

Southern States Portland Cement Co 

Southwestern Portland Cement Co 

Standard Portland Cement Co 

Superior Portland Cement Co., Superior, O 

Superior Portland Cement Co., Concrete, Wash. . . 
Superior Portland Cement Co., Orangeville, Ont. . 

Texas Portland Cement Co 

Thiee Fork Portland Cement Co 

Tidewater Portland Cement Co 

Toltec Portland Cement Co 

Union Portland Cement Co 

Union Sand and Material Co. , St. Louis, Mo '. 

United Kansas Portland Cement Co.. lola, Kan 

United Kansas Portland Cement Co., Indepen- 
dence, Kan 

United Kansas Portland Cement Co., Neodesha, 



United States Portland Cement, Concrete, Colo. 
Umted States Portland Cement, Yoeemento, Kan' 
Universal Portland Cement Co., Bufflngton, Ind 
Umversal Portland Cement Co., Universal, Pa.. . " 

Vancouver Portland Cement Co 

Vu-ginia Portland Cement Co 

Vulcanite Portland Cement Co 

Wabash Portland Cement Co 

Washington Portland Cement Co 

Western States Portland Cement Co '.'.'.'."" 

Whitehall Portland Cement Co 

Wolverine Portland Cement Co . 

Wyandotte Portland Cement Co ... . 



Question No. 1 
Have you had experi- 
ence m the deteVml- 
nation of the normal 
consistency of Port- 
land cement? 
(a) BaU. (b) Vioat. 



Very little 
Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Some 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Little 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



method 

do you 

commonly 

usef 



Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vioat 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball* 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
Bali 
Vicat 
Ball 

Ball 



Vicat 
Ball 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 

Vicat 



Ball 
Both 
Vicat 
Ball 



(B) How frequently 
do you determine 
normal consist- 
ency? 



Daily 

Daily 

Seldom* 

Daily 

Daily* 

Twice a month 

Daily 

Weekly 

4 times a week 

Once a day 

Occasionally 

Daily 

Daily 

Every other day 

Occasionally 

Occasionally 

Daily 

Weekly 

Daily 

Daily 

Daily 

Every 2 hours 

Twice week 

Monthly 

Weekly 

Daily 



Daily 

Monthly 
Monthly 
Daily 
Daily* 
Daily 
Daily 
Daily 
Weekly 
Infrequently 

Once a day 

Daily 
Infrequently 
Once a week 



Question 

No. 3. 

Which 

method do 

you find 
most 

accurate? 



Ball 
Vicat 
BaU 
Vicat 

No choice 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 

No choice 



Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Can't say 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Equal* 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Equal 
Either 
Vicat 
Either 



Question No. 4. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 8 based on: 

(a) Comparative tests? 

(b) Usage without 
comparative tests? 

(c) Personal opinion? 
(a) (b) (c) 



Yes 

Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 



Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Question 

No. 5. 

Which method 

do you regard 

as simpler 
and more con- 
venient? 



BaU 
BaU 
Ball 
BaU 
BaU 
BaU 
BaU 
Vioat 



Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
BaU 

Vicat 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
Bull 
BaU 
HaU 

Vicat 



BaU 
Ball 
BaU 
BaU 
BaU 
BaU 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 

Baii' 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 



Question No. 6. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 6 based on: 

(a) Comparative testa? 

(b) Usage without 
comparative tests? 

(C) Personal opinion? 
(a) (b) (0) 



No 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 

No 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 



Yes 

Yes 



No 
No 



Question Mo. 7. 
All things consid- 
ered, which 

method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 

United States? 



Ball 
BaU 

Vicat* 
Ball 
Vioat 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vioat 
Vicat 
Eittier 
Vioat 

'Bail' 

Vleat 
Ball 

Vicat 
Ball 

Vicat 
Vicat 



Ball 
Vioat 
Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Ball 
Ball 
BaU 
Ball 
Vioat 



Vioat 

Ball 
Vicat 

Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 

Ball 

Ball 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Ball 
Ball 
Vicat 
Ball 



Question No. 8. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men, experienced 
In tlie work and with both 
methcKia is requested. 
How many prefer: 
(a) BaU. (b) Vioat. 



All 



AU 

* 

All 



* Question is not specifically answered, but the matter is discussed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject is included in reply. 






/ 

T 

// 

■f 

7 



y- 



I 

I 



TABLE 12. — Comparison of Relative Merits of Vic at and Ball 
Methods for Determining Normal Consistency of Cement. 

Summary of replies received up to June 20, 1914, in answer to letter of 

inquiry of November 30, 1912. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



4. 

5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17, 

18. 
19. 



Number of inquiries 

Total number of replies 

Number having experience with both Ball and 
Vicat apparatus and considered in the sum- 
mary paragraphs 6 to 19 

Number having experipnce with the Ball ap- 
paratus only 

Number having experience with the Vicat ap 
paratus only 

Number using the Ball apparatus in routine 
testmg 

Number using the Vicat apparatus in routine 
testing 

Number using both in routine testing 

Number who think Vicat more accurate 

Number who think Ball more accurate or as 
accurate as the Vicat apparatus 

Number who think the Ball simpler and more 
convenient 

Number who think the Vicat simpler and more 
convenient 

Number who think there is no difference in 
simplicity and convenience 

Number who recommend the Ball apparatvis 
for the standard 

Number who recommend the Vicat apparatus 
for the standard 

Number of laboratory men (not included 
under 14) who recommend the Ball for a 
standard 

Number of laboratory men (not included 
under 15) who recommend the Vicat for a 
standard 

Total number reconxmending the Hall appa 
ratus for standard , 

Total number recommending the Vicat ap 
paratus for standard 



Producers. 



148 
81 



71 
6 
2 

49 

19 

2 

33 

26 

59 

4 

1 

37 

29 

97 

31 
134 

60 



Non- 
Producers. 



147 
94 



9 

35 

38 

1 

45 

18 

55 

12 



21 

41 

44 

61 

65 

102 



Total. 



295 
175 



143 
14 
11 

84 

57 
3 

78 

44 

114 

16 

1 

58 
70 

141 

92 
199 
162 



A summary of the replies to these letters prepared by Alfred Noble 
is given in Tables 13 and 14. 

The conference conducted in co-operation with a number of the 
leading laboratories of the United States several series of tests to de- 
termine the relative value of the several recommended methods for the 
determination of normal consistency. 

The results of these tests are given in Table 15. Separate studies 
of the results were presented by Mr. Phillips, and are given in Pig. 
4, and the discussion of these tests by Mr. Webster follows accom- 



45 



TABLE 13. — Summary of Keplies by Mr. Alfred Noble. 
Methods Recommended as Standard for United States. 





Normal Consistency. 


Time of Ssttinu. 




Vicat. 


Ball. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Manufacturers • 


36 
16 


44 
16 


24 
11 


58 


Oomniercial testing laboratories 


23 






Total commercial 


52 


60 


35 


81 






Universities, etc 


19 
19 

8 
5 


1 

6 

11 




15 

11 

12 

6 


6 


Railroads 


16 


Government, including Municipal 


9 


Corporations, not railroads 









Total non-comnaereial 


51 


18 


44 


31 






Not classified 


5 


5 


4 


6 








Vicat more 

accurate, but ball 

recommended. 


Vicat more 

accurate, but Gillmore 

recommended. 


Manufacturers 


8 
2 


17 


Com.mercial testing laboratories 


2 






Total coaamercial 


10 


19 






Universities, etc 




1 

2 




2 


Railroads 


.S 


Government, including Municipal 


2 


Corporations, not railroads 









Total non-commercial 


3 


7 






Not classified 





o 













TABLE 14. — Summary of Replies by Mr. Alfred Noble. 







Normal Consistency. 


Time of 


Setting. 




Preferred for 


Preferred for 


Class. 


Accuracy. 


Standard. 


Accuracy. 


Standard. 




> 




o 
> 


P3 


> 


O 

B 
3 


> 


6 

5 


1 


Manufacturers 


41 
17 


21 
8 


36 

17 


43 
15 


35 

14 


29 
12 


23 
11 


60 


2 


Commercial Testing Laboratories 

Total Commercial 


21 




58 


29 


53 


58 


49 


41 


34 


81 








3 


Universities, etc 


14 
12 

7 
2 



1 
4 



19 

16 

9 

3 


1 

3 

10 




13 

8 

11 

2 


1 
5 
5 



14 
8 

12 
4 


7 


4 


Railroad s 


15 


5 


Governments, Cities, etc 


9 


6 


Other Corporations 







Total Non-commercial 






35 


5 


47 


14 


34 


11 


38 


31 



46 



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panied by a diagram (Fig. 5). See discussion by IJ. S. Government 
Committee, p. 62. 

"A Comparison of the Ball Method and the Vicat Apparatus for 
Obtaining Normal Consistency of Cement. 

By Mr. Webster. 
(Based on the Joint Conference Tests of Bee. 18, 1912.) 



"In order to study the relative merits of the Ball Method and Vicat 
Apparatus for determining normal consistency of cement, five samples 
were submitted to various testing laboratories throughout the United 
States by the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests and 
Standard Specifications for Cement. These samples had different 
physical characteristics; one was fine, another was slow setting, still 
another was very quick setting and the., remaining two were normal. 
All of them were tested on the same date and thus at least one of the 
factors influencing the condition of the cement was controlled. Par- 
ticipating in the tests were 11 Commercial, 7 Private, 9 Government 
and 8 University, or a total of 35 laboratories. 

"The tabulated results obtained by the individual laboratories which 
have likewise been partially plotted, show that a considerable variation 
in the percentage of water required for normal consistency by different 
manipulators is to be expected. Omitting from consideration the very 
quick setting cement, since the results on this were indefinite, the 
greatest range in Consistency between the maximum and minimum 
results on the same cement, including all of the laboratories, was 5 
per cent, with the Ball Method and 3 per cent, with the Vicat Ap- 
paratus. The range of results shown by the Vicat Apparatus is less 
than that given by the Ball Method in every case except that of the 
quick setting cement, as shown in the following tabulation : 

Difference between Maximum and Minimum Consistency Obtained 

BY 35 Laboratories. 



Cement No. 26. 
Cjuick setting. 



Ball. 

5.00/0 



Vieat. 

5.20/0 



Cement No. 45. 
Normal. 



Ball. 

4.50/0 



Vicat. 

3.0>'o 



Cement No. 77. 
Normal. 



Ball. 

4.80/0 



Vicat. 

2.50/0 



Cement No. 63. 
Fine. 



Bail. 

4.00/0 



Vicat. 

2.80/0 



Cement No. 91. 
Slow Setting. 



Ball. Vicat. 

5.0% 2.5% 



"From the above results it would seem that the Vicat Apparatus is 
more certain to give the same normal consistency in the hands of 
different operators than is the Ball Method. 

"Reference to the tabulated values for the mean variation from the 
average results for consistency also shows with certainty that the Vicat 
Apparatus is the more reliable method so far as uniformity is con- 
cerned and in graphical form this fact is seen even more clearly. The 
mean variation from the average consistency obtained by the different 



50 



Variations in Normal Consistency Obtained by Ball Method and 

ViCAT Apparatus Joint Conference Tests of December 18, 

1912. Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory. 



1.5* 



& 



LO 



a 0.5 



1.5* 



1.0 






O "3 
o P 
bo o 

eg "^ 



0.5 



L5* 



1.0 



vw « 0.5 

«) 

c o 

o 



u 

03 



1.0 



« 0.5 



1.5< 



1.0 



E 0.5 -7i-«i 



r 


-| 












*-Ball 
-Vicat 
























r 


-| 






r 


-| 




~| 




















n 


BalU- 


-| 






r 


1 


Vicat- 








1 




[ 




- 


■ 
























"3 


o 


■■J 


"3 


if 






3 
o 
O 


3 

> 


> 
o 
O 




a 
O 





Fig. 5. 



51 



classes of laboratories on each cement and also the grand average of 
the mean variation obtained by all of the laboratories . on each sample 
have been plotted. The ordinates which show mean variation from 
average results are an index of the reliability of the two methods and 
the greater reliability of the ^icat Apparatus over the Ball Method 
is very plainly seen in the smaller ordinates of the Yicat test. Except 
in the case of the quick setting cement^ the mean variations from the 
average results of all the laboratories are, in the case of the Vicat 
Apparatus, but little more than half that of those given by the Ball 
Method. (Fig. 5.) 

"So far as reliability is concerned, the results averaged from those 
of 35 laboratories show without any doubt the superiority of the Vicat 
Apparatus over the Ball Method. Reliability is not the only factor to 
be considered however in judging of the superior qualities of one test 
over another to obtain a desired result. The question of convenience 
and ease and time of manipulation must also enter. There can be no 
question that the Ball Method has a slight advantage over the Vicat 
in point of time since it does take a slightly longer period to make 
the Vicat tests, a period which can be counted in seconds however. 
The consistency obtained by the two methods is not widely different, 
although by the Ball Method a wetter consistency by 0.5% to 1% is 
usually obtained. Any tendency toward a wet consistency is apt to 
hamper the making of briquettes and is therefore not a desirable ten- 
dency. So far as ease of manipulation is concerned, neither test 
has a very decided advantage, since both are so extremely simple, with 
the balance perhaps in favor of the Ball Method. In the Ball Method, 
however, much is left to the judgment of the operator as to when the 
exact degree of flattening occurs, whereas in the Vicat test the per- 
sonal judgment factor is eliminated by requiring a fixed penetration of 
the plunger which is very definitely read on a graduated scale. 

"Considering the factors which might govern the relative desirability 
of Jhe two tests^for obtaining. normal consistency, the Vicat Apparatus 
is to be preferred to the Ball Method for the following reasons : 

1. — Greater _ reliability as shown by conclusive tests. 

2. — Drier consistency which facilitates laboratory manipulation. 

3. — More scientific since nothing is left to the judgment of the 

operator. 
4. — About equal ease of manipulation with so little difference in 

time as to make these practically negligible considerations." 



Since the results obtained for normal consistency with the Vicat 
Method were more concordant than those obtained^ with the Ball 
Method the Conference decided upon the Vicat Method. 

The Goyernment Specifications required the use of one per cent, 
more of water for sand mortar mixtures than that required by the 
recommendations of the Committee of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers. A series of tests were made in which several cement mix- 
tures were prepared with four different percentages of wa^ .aging 
from one per cent, less than that recommended by the ^omnittee 
of the American Society of Civil Engineers to one per cent, more 

52 



I 



NE THE Proper Consistency for Standard Ottawa Sand 


28 days. 




Quantity of water used 


in mixing. 
















8.8 


per cent. 






9.8 


per cent. 






10.8 


per cent. 




2nd. 


3rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


Ist. 


2nd. 


3rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


1st. 


2nd. 


3rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


354 


375 


405 


880 


378 


867 


344 


375 


866 


336 


347 


362 


855 


850 


355 


330 


325 


386 


860 


840 


865 


370 


859 


340 


350 


385 


830 


889 


380 


353 


378 


366 


860 


358 


847 


377 


360 


345 


335 


830 


342 


338 


305 


294 


293 


297 


299 


814 


311 


318 


310 


280 


285 


279 


284 


282 


302 


317 


347 


828 


850 


345 


840 


856 


348 


370 


823 


380 


400 


868 


415 


458 


413 


430 


395 


447 


435 


455 


433 


457 


425 


468 


450 


450 


820 


854 


858 


344 


874 


390 


864 


392 


380 


844 


320 


302 


328 


824 


370 


425 


390 


376 


415 


405 


395 


370 


396 


360 


370 


875 


400 


376 


365 


345 


865 


859 


325 


345 


325 


350 


386 


830 


885 


325 


345 


834 


315 


294 


280 


29vi 
351 
458 
280 
81 
107 


302 


319 


806 


299 


306 
359 
455 
299 
28 
96 


275 


265 


276 


276 


271 
343 
468 
265 
34 
125 


320 


330 


805 


308 


320 


335 


350 


840 


336 


325 


330 


380 


340 


881 


300 


305 


375 


327 


800 


820 


365 


325 


327 


240 


280 


320 


290 


282 


878 


380 


374 


878 


402 


369 


349 


386 


376 


371 


338 


378 


384 


368 


225 


810 


214 


232 


267 


290 


266 


295 


279 


317 


318 


800 


309 


811 


214 


211 


242 


223 


364 


287 


259 


261 


293 


269 


251 


277 


280 


269 


303 


343 


322 


316 


384 


373 


836 


369 


365 


355 


866 


342 


353 


354 


302 


317 


816 


312 


802 


301 


303 


308 


303 


311 


801 


811 


309 


308 


287 


306 


301 


302 
800 
382 
180 
36 
120 


342 


326 


318 


354 


835 
325 
402 
259 
29 
77 


292 


291 


316 


801 


300 
816 
384 
240 
27 
76 


422 


356 


354 


381 


358 


348 


329 


348 


844 


352 


321 


357 


877 


352 


870 


830 


870 


350 


348 


380 


350 


350 


344 


322 


300 


324 


384 


820 


311 


226 


244 


271 


304 


300 


268 


326 


299 


294 


318 


265 


270 


287 


328 


849 


346 


338 


864 


313 


296 


857 


333 


348 


349 


323 


830 


386 


338 


3S1 


329 


851 


372 


858 


861 


a36 


357 


344 


846 


sm 


365 


848 


380 


313 


320 


348 


326 


343 


362 


857 


347 


836 


322 


347 


344 


837 


418 


366 


408 


403 


343 


360 


842 


382 


357 


846 


340 


384 


344 


354 


423 


376 


870 


391 


425 


383 


377 


393 


394 


362 


882 


346 


370 


865 


305 
.... 



280 


345 
.... 


300 
348 
423 
226 
31 
122 


340 


300 
.... 


335 
.... 


325 


325 
345 
425 

268 
17 
80 


290 


270 


295 


315 


292 
832 
384 
265 
22 
67 


395 


390 


355 


376 


325 


800 


345 


830 


325 


320 


350 


330 


825 


351 


258 


243 


287 


268 


365 


276 


295 


312 


812 


287 


270 


275 


286 


279 


311 


294 


325 


315 


809 


272 


840 


809 


308 


320 


318 


346 


386 


830 


262 


238 


260 


250 


272 


255 


271 


258 


264 


283 


251 


245 


241 


242 


337 


270 


275 


me 


282 


287 


825 


285 


295 


265 


216 


261 


273 


254 


240 


255 


220 


256 


175 


315 


305 


245 


260 


255 


280 


255 


2ro 


266 


325 


370 


860 


320 
299 
395 
220 
35 
96 

825 

458 

180 

33 

145 


310 


355 


395 


360 


354 
808 
895 
175 
25 
128 

833 

455 

175 

25 

158 


280 


360 


350 


350 


385 
291 
360 
216 
35 
75 

321 

468 

216 

80 

147 



TABLE 16.-RE8ULT8 of Tknsilb Stkength tests of cement mortars made ukdeb the Direction of the Joint Conference to Determine the Proper Consi.tfvcv ... < 

MORTARS. Cement Sample No. 71. Prepared by the Executive Committee. Consistency for Standard Ottawa Sand 



Laboratories. 



rafffi value 

Maximum value 

MIoimnm value 

Mean variation from averafce 

Maximum variation from average.. 
Private. 



Average value 

Maximum value 

Minimum value 

.Mean variation from average 

Maximum variation from average. 
MoNioiPAi., State and Federal. 



Average value 

Maximum value 

Minlnmm value 

Mean variation from average.. .'.[..'. 
Maximum variation from average.. 

UNlVEHSrTT. 



Average value " ' 

Maximum value 

Minimum value "" 

Mean variation from average. !!!!!!.! 
"-xiroum variation from average 

Oraiid average value 

Grand maximum value 

Orand minimum value 

Grand mean variation from aver! 

Oran<l maximum variation froni 
average 



Tbhsile Strjbmoth ih Pounds pes Sqdabi Inch. 



7 days. 



Quantity of water used in mixiog. 



7.8 per cent. 



let. 2nd. 8rd. 4ih. Ave 



8.8 percent. 



8rd. 4th. Ave 



9.8 per cent. 



Ist. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. Ave 



10.8 per cent. 



8rd. 4th. Ave 



88 days. 



Quantity of water used in mixing. 



7.8 per cent. 



2nd. 3rd. 4th. 



8.8 per cent. 



Snd. 



9.8 per cent. 



1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. Ave. 



10.8 per cent. 



Ist. 2nd. 8rd. 4th. Ave. 



TE THE Proper Consistency for Standard Ottawa Sand 











28 days. 






















Quantity of water used 


in mixing. 
















9.0 


per cent. 






10.0 


per cent. 






11.0 


per cent. 




2nd. 


3rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


1st. 


2nd. 


3rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


1st. 


2nd. 


8rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


454 


423 


445 


424 


405 


383 


395 


896 


395 


415 


407 


394 


407 


406 


410 


420 


405 


419 


400 


420 


410 


430 


415 


440 


425 


395 


390 


412 


402 


400 


400 


402 


400 


370 


395 


395 


390 


390 


397 


354 


380 


380 


329 


328 


337 


332 


842 


359 


355 


360 


354 


360 


365 


354 


361 


360 


889 


366 


375 


389 


413 


416 


404 


397 


407 


400 


404 


403 


406 


408 


448 


437 


455 


439 


440 


465 


438 


445 


447 


463 


460 


485 


445 


463 


378 


400 


390 


395 


410 


430 


440 


390 


418 


410 


416 


422 


433 


420 


460 


450 


395 


436 


435 


420 


400 


430 


421 


435 


420 


450 


470 


444 


410 


415 


425 


409 


410 


410 


410 


405 


409 


285 


355 


860 


440 


360 


294 


315 


321 


305 
.394 
460 
290 
31 
104 


304 


a32 


302 


326 


316 
397 
465 
302 
37 
95 


342 


294 


326 


288 


812 
896 
485 
385 
34 
111 


340 


325 


845 


387 


365 


3S0 


375 


360 


870 


360 


380 


350 


390 


870 


830 


355 


300 


339 


360 


370 


385 


815 


357 


335 


865 


350 


850 


350 


440 


397 


431 


432 


415 


897 


404 


398 


405 


380 


422 


383 


482 


404 


346 


86U 


3.55 


816 


273 


289 


820 


332 


303 


282 


365 


255 


356 


814 


315 


245 


245 


274 


288 


308 


811 


324 


308 


326 


330 


331 


835 


330 


392 


355 


365 


361 


365 


a=)8 


886 


443 


388 


390 


400 


403 


401 


399 


398 


378 


361 


376 


356 


871 


870 


871 


367 


361 


8t50 


899 


886 


876 


363 


360 


351 


370 
351 
455 
205 
84 
146 


412 


408 


326 


842 


372 
359 
443 
373 

27 
86 


316 


352 


407 


318 


347 
362 
483 
355 
36 
107 


378 


450 


376 


400 


424 


400 


384 


440 


413 


365 


396 


400 


341 


875 


372 


382 


400 


381 


416 


422 


410 


400 


412 


890 


876 


400 


400 


391 


312 


278 


258 


299 


325 


335 


275 


324 


815 


334 


829 


320 


325 


827 


403 


343 


897 


384 


418 


403 


891 


393 


401 


353 


330 


368 


869 


855 


351 


392 


882 


376 


393 


386 


398 


415 


898 


449 


431 


413 


436 


432 


360 


339 


310 


354 


492 


404 


433 


404 


433 


400 


405 


430 


392 


407 


396 


358 


846 


362 


410 


366 


894 


850 


380 


854 


420 


414 


894 


826 


430 


453 


473 


456 


498 


474 


445 


445 


466 


438 


437 


435 


424 


482 


320 


295 


385 


310 
869 
473 
258 
84 
111 


400 


355 


355 


310 


855 
397 
498 
375 
31 
122 


345 


395 


480 


865 


383 
888 
449 
320 
26 
68 


360 


455 


855 


892 


445 


400 


400 


420 


416 


890 


805 


300 


415 


352 


281 


334 


892 


331 


451 


406 


418 


876 


413 


372 


367 


346 


393 


369 


350 


350 


330 


350 


404 


882 


383 


384 


388 


384 


352 


394 


380 


378 


334 


346 


851 


344 


321 


341 


348 


337 


337 


381 


315 


337 


340 


331 


378 


370 


349 


3(54 


281 


326 


331 


364 


325 


883 


353 


373 


370 


370 


310 


260 


340 


300 


370 


370 


410 


390 


885 


370 


360 


395 


380 


376 


375 


380 


390 


359 
349 
455 
260 
30 
106 

366 
473 
205 

80 

161 


430 


410 


410 


410 


415 
388 
451 
281 
29 
183 

384 
498 
273 

29 

114 


385 


420 


425 


415 


399 
368 
435 
800 
15 
68 

879 
485 
355 

35 

134 



TABLE 17._E.sx;.TS ok Tkks..b SxK.xaxH T.sxs o. Cemk.x Mohx.ks M... Ukbkk xh. Dikkctxox o. th. Jot.x Cc^khk^.k to D^kkmx^. xhk Phopkk Cok.sxk.cv kok Sx..o.h. Oxtxw. .s..o 

MoKX.UJS. Cemenx Sajiple 81. Prepared by Execuxive Committee. 



— 


Laboratories. 


Xkssile Strength dj Pounds pkb S^uabk Inch. 


a 


7 days. 


28 days. 


1 


Quantity of water used in mixing. 


Quantity of water used In miziug. 


8.0 per cent. 1 


9.0 per cent. 


10.0 per cent. | 11.0 per cent. | 


8.0 per cent. 


».0 per cent. | 


10.0 per cent. | 


n.Opwoant 


J 


1st. 


2nd. 


8rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


1st. 


2nd. 


8rd. 


4th. 


Ave. 


1st. 


2nd. 


8rd. 


4th. 


A.ve. 1st. 


2nd. 


8rd. 


4th. 

289 
2T5 
816 
8U0 
295 
834 
308 
225 
210 
285 

326 
240 
347 
315 
210 
281 
308 
275 

800 
800 
222 
295 
279 
280 
SOO 
315 
296 

200 
291 
299 
193 
232 
280 
810 


Ave. 


let. 


2nd. 


8rd. 


4th. 


We. 


1st. 

378 
410 
Ho 
334 
427 
418 
410 
400 
88,3 
290 

&10 

870 
455 
205 
2112 
888 
372 
400 

400 
866 
846 
893 
381 
406 
346 
469 
290 

400 
316 
871 
344 
358 
290 
290 


)nd. 

481 
410 
402 
32U 
889 
448 
878 
480 
410 
9M 

840 
830 
440 
848 
316 
892 
89!) 
888 

878 
872 
318 
403 
851 
860 
806 
4811 
820 

880 
281 
3S0 
834 
878 
810 
875 


Srd. 

428 
420 

m 

828 
868 
487 
4U0 
460 
416 
316 

886 
865 
397 
880 
816 
366 
878 
860 

460 
888 
S78 
348 
892 
839 
868 
468 
806 

4SS 
834 
860 
8)8 
870 
260 
380 


4th. 

445 
405 
400 
837 
876 
4.35 

SOU 

S»6 
486 
881 

846 
800 
401 
866 
M6 
886 
881 
861 

878 
400 
868 
897 
888 
810 
848 
478 
886 

866 

898 
880 
361 
849 
840 
890 


Ave. 


1st. 


Sod. 


am. 

886 
410 
806 
866 

4M 
488 
440 
400 
410 
808 

»7» 
886 
401 
880 
811 
8H« 
8711 
888 

884 
410 
973 

mil 

808 
483 
804 
446 
886 

400 
418 
888 
818 
881 
410 
410 


4th. 


Ave. 

806 
415 

SWl 
864 
407 
447 
418 
481 
4(» 
318 
807 
486 
808 

n 

06 

871) 
887 
406 
808 
808 
888 
887 
818 
860 
448 
ITS 
»T 
88 

418 
418 
816 
4111 
808 
488 
880 
488 
868 
807 
408 
876 
81 
188 

416 
418 
88H 
887 
886 
888 
416 
888 
4B1 
881 
80 
181 
884 
408 
«7« 

M 

114 


Ut. 


tad. 


8rd. 

804 
806 
864 
354 
408 
486 
428 
430 
880 
880 

860 
MO 
888 
866 
881 
408 
800 
107 

400 
400 
880 
888 
418 
480 
414 
486 
480 

800 
846 
804 
837 
878 
806 
486 

.... 


4U). 


Ave. 


(.. 

2.. 

6.. 

R.. 

9.. 
10.. 
16.. 


COUHERCIAL. 


265 
815 
324 
27 r 
2»0 
32() 
2S9 
240 
820 

an 


256 
295 
812 
271 
255 
408 
298 
245 
340 
212 

280 
280 
845 
289 
118 
201 
227 
802 

211 

286 
204 
281 
252 
288 
258 
423 
265 

155 
210 
285 
265 
270 
180 
255 

.... 


240 

295 
805 
268 
208 
427 
330 
290 
800 
2a5 

286 
385 
395 
26B 
111 
288 
267 
827 

286 
284 
166 
274 
206 
298 
224 
875 
265 

220 
171 
275 
258 
250 
205 
275 


2.=iD 
295 
882 
274 
241 
416 
330 
250 
320 
200 

255 
300 
421 
270 
149 
245 
250 
884 

805 
290 
173 
266 
180 
385 
2011 
890 
248 

275 
182 
216 
274 
294 
150 
270 


258 
300 
816 
272 
263 
3'.t3 
312 
256 
S20 
229 
291 
427 
200 
37 
186 

245 

297 
380 
274 
180 
247 
249 
317 
207 
421 
111 
50 
156 

276 
285 
194 
285 
236 
803 
282 
899 
256 
274 
423 
166 
40 
149 

225 
195 
238 
268 
265 
186 
260 
254 
294 
150 
27 
84 
267 
427 
111 

89 

160 


304 
280 
340 
288 
325 
368 
390 
2i)5 
335 
270 

230 
285 
400 
263 
190 
320 
226 
295 

333 
380 
208 
269 
2S1 
270 
282 
352 
270 

205 
274 
359 
232 
220 
260 
276 


274 
3-'5 
372 
294 
301 
397 
376 
275 
830 
246 

250 
2S0 
335 
245 
2.10 
322 
257 
272 

861 
336 
251 
843 
278 
805 
248 
301) 
300 

285 
273 
265 
216 
245 
100 
800 


269 
306 
.872 
285 
319 
431 
350 
290 
830 
258 

260 
310 
804 
290 
189 
265 
298 
301 

842 
340 
236 
828 
804 
283 
298 
871 
298 

245 
801 

288 
246 
258 
250 
810 

.... 


285 
310 
847 
297 
806 
429 
360 
270 
835 
2S6 

230 
300 
338 
250 
202 
300 
246 
288 

873 

840 
224 
278 
265 
293 
264 
878 
265 

285 
268 
824 
238 
270 
230 
820 

.... 


283 

305 
358 
291 
313 
406 
869 
2«2 
332 
265 
320 
481 
246 
87 
111 

242 

289 
3.W 
262 
195 
803 
267 
28!l 
275 
400 
189 

m 

125 

862 
387 

244 
810 
282 
288 
2T3 
8T3 
283 
805 
890 
224 
84 
85 

865 
279 
809 
283 
248 
222 
801 
264 
869 
160 
28 
104 
291 
481 
160 

84 

140 


260 
80i) 
315 
316 
271 
a54 
320 
290 
320 
254 

810 
285 
.325 
309 
211 
281 
314 
274 

826 
300 
284 
201 
301 
315 
286 
300 
316 

235 
208 
272 
2(19 
290 
280 
870 


225 
280 
315 
308 
299 
418 
364 
260 
880 
272 

8H0 
265 
316 
310 
224 
340 
291 
801 

343 

806 
2.54 
841 
297 
828 
328 
370 
276 

265 
269 
273 
243 
266 
240 
809 


288 
290 
805 
299 
.302 
337 
3.38 
300 
290 
245 

275 
260 
368 
830 
248 
850 
299 
287 

816 

803 
254 
325 
276 
298 
286 
364 
292 

250 
297 
254 
221 
286 
255 
825 


2.:1 
305 
315 
311 
802 
426 
340 
275 
260 
221 

280 
270 
344 
809 
242 
850 
271 
290 

825 
806 
226 
807 
283 
843 
324 
363 
310 

210 
269 
273 
241 
290 
276 
300 


243 
294 
312 
808 
294 
888 
341 
281 
300 
248 
301 
425 
221 
29 
124 

286 
270 
346 
314 
231 
830 

288 
295 
368 
211 
23 
84 

327 
304 
255 
309 
289 
819 
306 
804 
298 
808 
870 
226 
19 
82 

240 
271 
268 
228 
282 
202 
824 
267 
870 
209 
21 
103 
292 
425 
209 

23 

183 


258 
290 
825 
302 
310 
350 
318 
250 
270 
260 

290 
210 
2?7 
280 
199 
311 
292 
295 

847 
804 
2.37 

248 
288 
206 
266 
230 
280 

160 
281 
263 
192 
227 
260 
290 


2.38 
280 
.312 
293 
268 
408 
310 
275 
300 
274 

340 
286 
821 
216 
209 
344 
258 
820 

341 

300 
259 
294 
820 
258 
278 
830 
258 

150 
274 
282 
201 
220 
260 
866 


218 
275 
330 
289 
284 
824 
298 
260 
275 
245 

810 
256 
320 

288 
201 
340 
284 
290 

326 
808 
260 
266 
253 
282 
208 
310 
295 

200 
248 
276 
175 
206 
270 
290 


257 

280 
320 
296 
289 
354 
SOU 
252 
271 
261 
289 
408 
225 
23 
119 

316 

247 

817 

282 

205 

819 

286 

295 

281 

847 

199 
29 
85 

828 
802 
230 
276 
284 
271 
S78 
298 
282 
285 
847 
222 
10 
63 

178 
278 
280 
190 
221 
252 
311 
214 
856 
150 
40 
111 
278 
408 
160 

28 
J82 


376 
880 
310 
822 
327 
103 
870 
420 
830 
265 

800 
350 
380 
240 
208 
808 
212 
380 

810 
824 
246 
318 
881 
378 
896 
450 
246 

876 
227 
268 
271 
193 
270 
840 


366 
810 
285 
818 
848 
400 
400 
420 
880 
294 

810 
876 
418 
187 
221 
322 
834 
808 

800 
8:i0 
229 
309 
888 
382 
854 
438 
815 

410 
277 
268 
264 
245 
210 
276 


864 
313 
3i)5 
809 
870 
896 
866 
4C0 
85.3 
246 

290 
865 
393 

am 

iM 
828 
868 
400 

398 
870 
208 
247 
818 
321 
296 
475 
M) 

856 
294 
294 
800 
282 
270 
810 


884 
3.10 
3112 
315 
344 
436 
898 
415 
865 
384 

305 
895 
481 
862 
2iK) 
808 
331 
896 

800 
815 
181 
2H7 
218 
378 
860 
488 
246 

860 
228 
282 
825 
190 
260 
840 


378 
336 
»S8 
318 
319 
409 
888 
414 
857 
286 
866 
420 
246 
81 
110 

801 
869 
104 
277 
207 
816 
350 
886 
824 
481 
187 
49 
187 

834 

im 

216 
289 
320 
863 
327 
450 
280 
324 
476 
181 
40 
161 

372 
2.36 
273 
290 
215 
252 
816 
282 
410 
190 
88 
128 
381 
476 
181 

40 

19S 


m 

419 
408 
838 
889 
489 
806 
48« 
409 
80& 
394 
480 
890 
81 
104 

887 
339 
488 
816 
874 
861 
87« 
870 
861 
46S 
806 
84 
148 

400 
881 
899 
884 
878 
864 
888 
466 
810 
88» 
478 

a&H 

84 
111 

808 

8dl 
8B0 
814 
8U4 
800 
369 
840 
466 
880 
80 
106 
888 
478 
806 

80 
181 


406 
400 
400 
848 
413 
440 
410 
486 
410 
804 

886 
800 
416 
878 
888 
8«& 
866 
418 

484 
416 
886 
418 
808 
198 
410 
498 
400 

446 
461 
404 
881 
881 
870 
480 


388 
480 
870 
869 
416 
486 
48U 
481) 
410 
838 

»«0 
870 
807 
889 
808 
8.38 
871 
408 

400 
488 
336 
Mil 
886 
101 
868 
474 
855 

400 
4U« 
888 
841 
888 
870 
410 


806 
480 
306 
880 
897 
446 
890 
480 
406 
886 

ago 

SIB 
808 
888 
884 
448 
871 
848 

440 

400 
884 
898 
416 
401 
830 
446 
810 

480 
878 
884 
887 
864 
800 
410 


416 
440 

SOO 
880 
4H) 
463 
410 
486 
886 
848 

880 
886 
880 
888 
888 
800 
881 
818 

888 

800 
884 
868 
449 
4(«l 
8M 
488 
846 

800 
878 
884 
881 
888 
870 
886 


4UT 
486 
897 
886 

404 
400 
418 
480 
886 
804 

880 

886 
488 

a«6 

880 

m 

8i« 
868 

808 
878 
880 
880 
481 
106 
480 
487 
806 

8118 
8«7 
868 
816 
868 
880 
480 


407 
800 
SWl 
881 

408 
446 
488 
470 
440 
888 

BOO 
860 
488 
868 
886 
401 
888 
818 

841 
400 
886 
889 
488 
808 
804 
184 

m 

416 
808 
8811 
840 
870 
880 
416 


408 
418 
880 
880 
408 
488 


ai.. 

22.. 




444 

880 














898 




iJaxiTnam 








Jean variation from average 

laxlmum variation from average. . . 
Prpvatk. 


260 
275 
860 
264 
142 
251 
232 
805 


84 
111 








14.. 
58.. 




404 
814 

880 






8«0 












847 






888 
488 
866 






800 
280 
233 
317 
800 
SOO 
248 
407 
247 

2n0 
212 
176 
275 
245 
210 
240 


86 
107 

878 




















28.. 




407 








DH 




888 


18.. 


Maximum value 

Mean variation from average 

Maximum variation from average. . . 

Univebsity. 


88R 
440 
880 
80 
88 

868 
880 


n 




878 








n 






m 






81. 
87. 


Average value 

Maximum value 

Minimum value 

Grand maximum value 

Grand mean variation from aver 
Grand maximum variation fron 


808 
418 
SOO 
16 

ta 

871 
481 
8H 

an 

194 



Maximum, Minimum and Average Results of Tensile Strength Tests 

Made by Commercial Laboratories Under the Direction of 

THE Joint Conference to Determine the Proper 

Consistency for 1 to 3 Standard 

Ottawa Sand Mortars. 
Prepared by Executive Committee. 





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Fio. 6. 



53 



Maximum, Minimum and Average Results of Tensile Strength Tests 

Made by Private Laboratories Under the Direction of the 

Joint Conference to Determine the Proper Consistency 

of 1 to 3 Standard Ottawa Sand Mortars. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



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10,0 Per cent 



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54 



Maximum, Minimum and Average Results of Tensile Strength Tests 

Made by Municipal, State and Federal Laboratories Under 

THE Direction of the Joint Conference to Determine the 

Proper Consistency for 1 to 3 Standard 

Ottawa Sand Mortars. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



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8.0 Per cent 



12 15 23 13 32 3 4 18 38 
9.0 Per cent 



12 15 23 13 32 3 4 18 38 
10.0 Per cent 



12 15 23 13 32 3 4 18 38 
11.0 Per cent 



Fig. 8. 



55 



Maximum, Minimum and Average Results of Tensile Strength Tests 

Made by University Laboratories Under the Direction of the 

Joint Conference to Determine the Proper Consistency 

of 1 to 3 Standard Ottawa Sand Mortars. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 









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!SSJ^ 




■^^■^^ 






























1 










v^ 


^ 


j^' 


■^^ \^ 






























;/ 










vVsV^R^ 


c!Sjy 


:;^ 




.i-i^ 
















■«$^ 










■sss^ 


/ 




200 




f^^-^^/vN 


KSi 


S^ 
































i^\l 




^ 






^s^>W^^^ 


f^ 


r^N 


































^ 


' 






^$$S$$^ 




6$^ 


^ 




































. 




K$$?^^ 




N 


^ 








_ 


_ , 


- 




















'''"^' 






b 




^ 


;j» 








/ 


DAYb 
























150 






































^^ 





o 



PI 

a 



Laby.No. 31 25 26 30 291127 3125 26 30 291127 3125 26 30 29 1127 3126 26 30 29 1127 

8.0 Per cent 9.0 Per cent lO.O Per cent 11.0 Per cent 



Pig. 9. 



56 



than that required by the Government specifications. The results of 
these tests are given in Tables 16 and 17 and Figs. 6-9. 

A further discussion of these results by Mr. Webster is given below 
together with a summation diagram (Fig. 10). 

"The Influence of Consistency on the Uniformity of Kesults of 
Tensile Strength Tssts on (1:3) Standard Ottawa Sand Mortars. 

By Mr. Webster. 



"Two of the cements used in the tests for time of setting were like 
wise employed for tensile strength tests. Four briquettes were made 
with each cement and each consistency and four diiferent consistencies 
were used. Reference to the recorded results of the tests again demon- 
strates a fact that has often been demonstrated before, namely, that 
different laboratories cannot exactly duplicate each other's results, ob- 
tained on the tensile strength of 1 :3 mortar, even when using the same 
cement. Although it is true that many of the results do coincide almost 
exactly, nevertheless there seems to have been obtained almost as many 
different values as there were laboratories making the tests. 

"Of the four consistencies used, the second is that recommended by 
the Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers and 
the third is that called for in the U. S. Government specifications 
formulated by the Departmental Conference. The lowest percentage 
of water used for each cement makes a mortar so dry that it can be 
packed uniformly into the molds only with difficulty while the highest 
percentage produces a very wet mixture. Now which consistency 
is best adapted to the forming of mortar briquettes? A tensile test 
aims to give an index of the binding qualities of the cement when used 
in mortar or concrete and is best adapted to the purpose so far as 
breaking values are concerned, which permits of the most uniform 
specimens possible being made. The uniformity of the specimen is 
indicated by the variation in the . individual breaking results and in 
general, therefore that consistency is best suited that produces speci- 
mens which break with the least variation in strength. Other con- 
siderations must not be forgotten however. It would not be fair to 
make a mixture very much drier than that used in practical construc- 
tion since such a mixture might give a false index of the strength of 
the cement when used under working conditions. Then, too, the mix- 
ture should not be so wet as to produce undue settling in the molds 
with the consequent formation of undersized specimens. The danger 
in too wet a mixture of the segregation of the particles of sand and 
the flushing of cement to the surface of the mortar due to troweling 
must also be emphasized. From the standpoint of convenience in 
molding, the mixture of the very driest consistency seemed to be too 
dry to permit of its proper compaction without the exercise of consider- 
able care. The wettest mixture on the other hand, is of a consistency 
such that lack of uniformity through segregation is an ever present 
danger. Mixtures Nos. 2 and 3 however, are attended by neither of 
these disadvantages and are better adapted to the molding of briquettes 
by the ordinary methods than are either of the other two. 

57 



Average Tensile Strength of 1 : 3 Mortars at 7 and 28 Days Mixed 

WITH Four Different Percentages of Water. Philadei-phia 

Municipal Testing Laboratory. 




Gement No. 71 



Cement No. 81 



Fig. 10. 



58 



I 



"The uniformity of results obtained with the four mixtures by dif- 
ferent manipulators may be seen best by referring to the tabulation 
g'iven on Tables 16 and 17. Scrutiny of the individual results reported 
by the different laboratories reveals nothing more than the possibility 
of each operator being able to obtain fairly concordant results with 
the driest as well as the wettest and intermediate consistencies. But 
what is the concordance of the results obtained by different operators? 
This will be seen best by consulting the grand average values given at 
the bottom of Tables 16 and 17. The quantity which perhaps is most 
significant in permitting judgment to be passed on the uniformity of 
the results is that labeled 'mean variation from the average.' 

"Consider first the 7 day results of cement No. 71. It will be noted 
that the mean variation from the average is greatest for the very 
dry mix with a value of 33 pounds. With the mixture advocated by 
the American Society of Civil Engineers the variation is only 26 
pounds as it is likewise with the still wetter mixture called for in 
the U. S. Government Specifications, while the very wet mixture has 
the lowest variation with an amount of only 23 lbs. At 28 days the 
values for the mean variation from the average are 36, 33, 25 and 30 
pounds for the four different consistencies beginning with the driest. 
This would indicate that slightly more uniform results are obtained 
with the wetter consistencies than with the dry mixtures. 

"Refer next to the 7 day results of cement No. 81. The mean varia- 
tions from the average results beginning with the driest mix and ex- 
tending to the wettest are as follows : — 27, 28, 21 and 40 pounds. The 
third mixture therefore gave the most uniform results. At 28 days, 
the mean variations were 38, 20, 29 and 15 with the fourth mixture as 
the most uniform. It will be seen from the 7 and 28 day results of 
these two cements that, in point of uniformity, no single consistency 
can be given the preference although the wetter mixtures show slightly 
more concordant results than the drier mixtures. 

"Consider now the grand average of both cements. At 7 days the 
mean variations from the average are 39, 34, 25 and 28, and at 28 
days, the variations run 40, 30, 29 and 25. At an age of 7 days, 
therefore, the third consistency seems slightly the best, while at 28 
days the fourth consistency has a slight advantage over the second 
and third consistencies in uniformity. Taking all of the results into 
consideration, it would seem that greater uniformity may be obtained 
with wet mixtures than with dry mixtures. In no case, however has 
the wet mixture a very decided advantage over the drier mixtures, 
and there is a very important practical consideration which must be 
borne in mind that would turn the balance in favor of a somewhat 
dry rather than a very wet mix. In a commercial laboratory or a 
laboratory engaged in the routine testing of a large number of cement 
samples, the work must not be hampered by possible injury to the 
specimens since this may possibly entail a delay of several days in 
obtaining new samples or making new briquettes. When using very 
wet mixtures, especially with slow setting cements, the briquettes are 
often so tender at the end of 24 hours that their removal from the 
forms is attended with considerable danger of breakage and they are 
likely to suffer injury even when the greatest care is exercised. A drier 

59 



mixture, on the other hand, hardens sufficiently in 24 hours to permit 
of the removal of the briquettes without harming them. For this 
reason alone, and especially when it is considered that the uniformity 
of the results obtained with wet and dry mixtures' is not widely 
dijfferent, the preference must be given to the dry rather than the wet 
mixtures. It is believed that mixtures Nos. 3 and 4 produce specimens 
that are often too green to remove from the molds with safety at 
the end of 24 hours-. Mixture No. 1 is too dry to compact properly 
without the exercise of great care, whereas No. 2 produces a consistency 
which permits of the rapid formation of uniform briquettes which 
harden sufficiently in 24 hours to permit them to be removed from the 
molds without fear of injury. 

"Judging from the results of the reported tests, combined with the 
practical considerations of laboratory manipulation, it is the writer's 
belief that mixture No. 2 is better suited for the formation of 1 : 3 
mortar briquettes than either of the other three mixtures used." 



TABLE 20. — Comparison of Kelative Merits of Vicat and 
GiLLMORE Apparatus for the Determination Time of Setting. 

Summary of replies received up to June 20, 1914, in answer to letter of 

inquiry of November 30, 1912. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



1. 

2 
3.' 

4. 

5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 
9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

18. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 
19. 



Number of inquiries 

Total number of replies 

Number having experience with both Gillmore 
and Vicat apparatus and considered in the 
summary paragraphs 9 to 19 

Number having experience with the GilJmore 
apparatus only 

Number having experience with the Vicat ap- 
paratus only 

Number using the Gillmore apparatus in rou 
tine testing. . 

Number using the Vicat apparatus In routine 
testing 

Number using both in routine testing.. 

Number who think Vicat apparatus more ac 
curate 

Number who think Gillmore more accurate or 
as accurate as the Vicat apparatus 

Number who think the Gillmore apparatus 
simpler and more convenient 

Number who think the Vicat apparatus 
simpler and more convenient 

Number who think there is no difference in 
simplicity and convenience 

Number who recommend the Gillmore appa- 
ratus for standard 

Number who recommend the Vicat apparatus 
for standard 

Number of laboratory men (not included under 

14) who prefer the Vicat apparatus for stand- 
ard 

Number of laboratory men (not included under 

15) who prefer the Gillmore apparatus for 
standard , 

Total number recommending the Gillmore ap 
paratus for standard 

Total number recommending the Vicat ap 
paratus f br standard 



Producers. 



153 

86 



8 



69 

2 
8 

33 

82 

77 




51 

22 

17 

140 

191 

39 



Non- 
Producers. 



146 
124 



95 

9 

12 

68 

41 
2 

47 

33 

74 

16 



50 

36 

36 

118 
168 

72 



Total. 



299 
210 



173 
17 
12 

137 

43 
5 

80 

65 
151 

16 



101 

58 

53 

258 
359 
111 



60 



While it was agreed by the Conference that the wettest consistency 
employed in these tests gave the most concordant results, because of 
the difficulties in molding it was decided to recommend the next to 
the wettest. 

(g) Determination of Soundness or Constancy of Volume. 

There are slight changes in phraseology. 

TABLE 21. — Summary of Keplies Received in Answer to 
Letter of United States Government Departmental Con- 
ference, DATED Aug. 5, 1912. 

Presented by U. S. Government Committee. 



4. 
5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9.' 
10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 
19. 



Number of inquiries 

Total number of replies (including those who 
had experience with only one method). 

Number having experience with both Gillmore 
and Vicat methods and considered in the 
summary paragraphs 9 to 19 

Number having experience with (iillmore only 

Number having experience with Vicat only . . . . 

Number using Gillmore in routine testing (not 
including those under 4 ) 

Number using Vicat in routine testing (not in- 
cluding those under 5) 

Number using both in routine testing (not in- 
cluding those under 4 and 5 ) 

Number who think Vicat more accurate 

Number who think Gillmore more accurate or 
as accurate as the Vicat apparatus 

Number who think Gillmore simpler and more 
economical of operation 

Number who think Vicat simpler and more 
economical of operation. 

Number who think there is no difference in 
economy of operation 

Number who recommend the Gillmore for a 
standard 

Number who recommend the Vicat for a 
stanaard 

Number of laboratory men(not included under 

14) who prefer the Gillmore apparatus for 
standard 

Number of laboratory men (not included under 

15) who prefer the Vicat apparatus for 
standard 

Total number recommending Gillmore appar 
atus for standard 

Total number recommending Vicat apparatus 
for standard 



Producer. 



83 

68 

10 

None 

67 

3 

3 
33 

346 

67 




50 
17 

31e 

1 

81 
18 



Non- 
Producer. 



120 

84 
10 
14 

69 

34 

7 
41a 

37c 

74 

7 

2 
56 
30 

36 

14/ 

92 

44 



Total. 



275 
203 

152 

20 
14 

136 

37 

10 
73 

71d 

141 

7 

2 

106 

47 

67 

15 

173 
62 



(a)=Seven of these qualify by stating "probably." 
(6)=Fourteen think Gillmore more accurate. 
(c)=Twenty think Gillmore more accurate. 
(d)=Thirty-four think Gillmore more accurate. 
(e)=Three of these favored Vicat as standard. 
(/)=Thirteen of these favored Vicat as standard. 



61 



(h) Determination of Time of Setting. 

The replies to the letter of inquiry of the Joint Conference referred 
to under paragraph (f) Normal Consistency, page 37, contained 
also opinions as to the methods for the determination of time of setting, 
which are given in Tables 18 and 19 and are summarized in Table 20. 

A summary of the replies received in answer to the similar letter 
of inquiry of the U. S. Government Departmental Conference issued 
August 5, 1912, is given in Table 21. 

The first series of tests referred to on page 45 under Normal Con- 
sistency included the determination of time of setting, the results of 
which are given, in Table 22. 

The results of these tests were not satisfactory since the variation 
in the quantity of water used by the different laboratories in mixing 
the paste was so great that the results were not comparable for the 
same method in different laboratories or for the different methods in 
the same laboratory. 

In consequence of these unsatisfactory results another series of 
tests was inaugurated in which the percentage of water was fixed for 
each cement. The results of these tests are given in Table 23 and 
sunimarized in Fig. 11. A comparison of these results showing maxi- 
mum, minimum and mean differences in time of Set was presented 
by Mr. Phillips and is given in Table 24 and Fig. 12. 

Separate discussions of the results and of the rnethods presented by 
various members of the Conference follow. 

Analyses and recommendations by the U. S. Government Com- 
mittee (unanimous) based on the results of the investigation 
conducted by the Joint Conference to ascertain the relative 

VALUES OF THE ViCAT AND BaLL METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE 
NORMAL CONSISTENCY, AND THE ViCAT AND GiLLMORE METHODS IN 
DETERMINING THE TIME OF SETTING OF CEMENT. 



In discussing the results obtained in this investigation the follow- 
ing factors should be considered. 

1. The reproducibility of the two methods. 

2. The simplicity and convenience of the two methods. 

3. The extent to which each method is now used. 

4. The recommendations of cement testing laboratories concerning 
a standard method. 

Normal Consistency. 

1. The Reproducibility of the Two Methods. 
Eesults of the tests by the Ball method are 67 per cent, as con- 
sistent as the results obtained by the Vicat method based upon the 
grand mean variation from the average of all results. The maximum 
variation from the average was 25 per cent, greater for the Ball method 
than for the Vicat method. While the percentage of variation shows 
a marked superiority of the Vicat method the actual differences are 

62 



NING 


Methods of Determination of 


Time of Setting. 


No. 6. 


Question No. 7. 


Question No. 8. 


Question No. 9, 


•para- 


Is reply to question 6 based 


All things con- 


A statement of the preference 


you 


on : (A» Comparative tests ; 


sidered which 


of your individual laboratory 


•the 


(B) Usage without com- 


method do you 


men experienced in this work 


and 


parative tests ; (C) Personal 


recommend as a 


with both forms of apparatus is 


B 


opinion ? 


standard for the 


requested. How many prefer : 


ent? 


(A) (B) (C) 


United States ? 


(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore ? 










Vicat 


2 


0* 


ore 


yes 






Gillmore 




■"2*"** 


ore 


no 


yes 
yes 


yes 








ore 
ore 


no 
yes 


Vicat 


* " V " ' 




Gillmore 


* 


|Ore 




yes 


yes 


Vicat 
Vicat 






ore 









Gillmore 






ore 


yes 


yes 


yes 


Vicat 
Vicat 


8 


1* 


ore 


yes 




yes 


Gillmore 




1 


ore 




yes 


Gillmore 






lore 


yes 






Gillmore 






: 


♦ 


* 


* 


Vicat 


i 


1* 


ore 






yes 


Vicat 






ore 


yes 






Gillmore 


6 


i 


lore 




yes 


yes 


Gillmore 
Vicat 


1 

1 


2 


lore 


yes 






Vicat 






lore 




yes 




Gillmore 


6 


2 


lore 

1 




yes 


yes 


Gillmore 
Vicat 


!!!!'.'.'.! 


8 


lore 


no 
no 


no 
no 


yes 

yes 


Vicat 


i 

none 


6 


Gillmore 


8 


tore 
lore 
iore 


yes 
yes 






Gillmore 




4 






Gillmore* 




3 


lore 


yes 
yes 






Gillmore 
Vicat 


6 



4 
* 


lore 






yes 


Gillmore 


••••••.. 




lore 




yes 


yes 


* 


••••••.. 




lore 






yes 
yes 
yes 


Vicat 






lore 






Vicat 






lore 




yes 




Gillmore 






lore 

I: 

lore 


no 


yes 


yes 
yes 


Gillmore 


6 


4 

* 






Gillmore 




iore 




yes 




Gillmore 


6 


4 


b 

lore 

lore 




yes 
yes 


partly 
yes 
yes 


Vicat 


1 


0* 




Gillmore 






t 






largely 


Vicat 






lore 


yes 


no 


yes 


Gillmore 


none 


i* 




yes 


no 


no 


Vicat 







lore 


yes 




yes 
yes 


Gillmore 


6 
1 


6* 


lore 
jore 


yes 




Gillmore 





10 


Vicat 




lore 








Vicat 






was in 


icluded in 


reply. 











TABLE 18. 



-Summary of Rkplies to Letters of Inquiry of Joint Conference Letter, Dated Nov. 30, 1912, Concerning Methods of Determination of Time of Setting. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



Municipal, State and Federal Laboratories. 



Individual or CompaDy. 



Baltimore Sewerage CommiRsfoD 

Bureau of Standards, PittsburBh, Pa 

Department of Public Works, Boston, Mass. 
Deputy Kngineer Commissioner, Buffalo, N. 

Ci^ Engineer, Birmingham, Ala 

Board of Public Works, Orand Rapids, Mich. 

Julian O. Hargrove, Washington, D. C 

City Engineer, Los Angeles, Cal 

Los Angeles Aqued uct Commission 

Minneapolis City Cement Tester, Minn 

New Yorlf State Engineering Department 

City Kngineer, New Orleans, La 

city l!;nEineer, Ogden, Utah 

City of Pittsburgh, Pa 

State Highway Department, Ohio 

St. Paul (Jity Cement Tester, Minn 

Testing Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo 

M E. Sherrard, Newark, N. J 

City Eiigtoeer, Salt Lake City. Utah 

United States Reclamation Service 

City Engineer, Kansas City, Mo 



Cjuestion No. 1. 

Have you had experience 

in aetermination of 

time of setting »1th ; 

(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore. 



yes 
yea 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



Question No. 8. 
Which method 

do you 
commonly use ? 



Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 



Question No. 3. 
Approximately how 
many tests have you 
made within the past 

two years with : 
(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore? 



18 000 
3 975 
8000 



780 
6000 
Check tests 



Question No. 4. 
Which method 

do you find 
most accurate? 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
No choice 
Vicat 
Gillmore 



Vicat 



Question No. 5. 

Is reply to question 4 

based on : (A) Tests ; 

(B) Usage; (C) Opinion? 

(A) (B) (C) 



Question No. 6. 

Which appara- 
tus do you 
consider the 
simpler and 

more 
convenient ! 



Private Laboratories. 



A. T. &S, F. Ry 

B. iSO. R. R 

B. K. & P. K. R 

Baldwin Locomotive Works. 
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. . 

Cambria Steel Co 

Central R. R. of Georgia 

C. B. &Q. R. R 

C. R. I. &P. R. R 

Canadian PaciHc R. R 

ErleR. R 

General Electi ic Co 

Gi eat Northern R. R 

Hudson & Manhattan R. R... 

lUiuola Central R. R 

L.8.&M.8. R.R 

L.&N. H, R 

Michigan Central K R 

N. Y. Central* H. R. R 

National Cash Register Co. . . 

Norfolk & Western R. R 

N.Y.,N.H.& H.R.R 

N. C. & St. L. R. R 

Pennsylvauia R. R 

Philadelphia & Reading R. R 

St.L.&S.F. R. R.... 

Southern R. R 

Southern PHcliic R. R 

Stone c6 Webster 

Union Pacific R. R 

Grand Trunk Ry 

Chicago Northwestern Ry 

Bay Ridge Improvement Co.. 
Medina Valley Irrigation Co.. 
D.L. &W. R. H 



yes 
yes 
yes 

yes 



yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

yes 

ilttle 

yes 

no 



Vicat only 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Vicat 


yes 


Gillmore 


no 


Vicat 


no 


Vicat 


no 


Vicat 


yes 


Vicat now (was 




Gillmore) 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Vicat 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


no 


Neither 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


ly " 


Vicat 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


few 


Vloat 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


* 


yes 


Vicat 


yes 


Gillmore 


no 


Vicat 


yes 


Gillmore 


yes 


Gillmore 


no 


Vicat 


yes 


Gillmore 



20-30 
15 000 

none 
84 600 



Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Vicat 



Gillmore 
can't say 
Gillmore 
Vicat 



Gilimnre 
Vicait 



yes 

yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 

yes 




Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Qlllniore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Vicat 



Question No. 7. 
Is reply to question 6 based 
on: (A 1 Comparative tests: 

(B) Usage without com- 
parative tests ; (C) Personal 
opinion ? 
(A) (B) (C) 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 



yes 
yes 



Question No. 8. 
All things con- 
sidered which 
method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 
United Stales ? 



Vicat 



Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 



Question No. 9. 
A statement of the preference 
of your individual laboratory 
men experienced in this work 
with both formsof apparatus is 
requested. How many prefer : 
(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore f 



yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 

yes 



yes 




yes 






yes 


no 


yes 


no 


yes 




yea' 


yes 


yes 




yea 




yes 




yes 


yes 




yes 


yes 




yes 


yes 




yes 


partly 


yes 


yes 




yes 




largely 


no 


yes 


no 


no 




yes 




yes 



Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Gillmore* 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Gillmore 



Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 



Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 




' Question is not apeoiflcally answered, but the matter is discuesed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject was included in reply. 




jstion No. 7. 

to Question No. 6 

(A) Comparative 
J) Usage without 
larative tests ; 
rsonal opinion? 
(B) (C) 



AUentown Testin 

American Burea] 

Buffalo Testing t 

Booth, Garrett <S 

Crowell & Murra 

Institute of Indu 

Detroit Testing I 

Floyd Rose & Co 

Froeling & Robe 

Gulick-Henderso 

Hildreth&Co... 

Robert W. Hunt 

Pittsburgh, 1 

Chicago, 111. . 

St. Louis, MC 

San Franciso 

John Hawley 

Iron City Testing 

Industrial Testin 

Lehigh Valley T« 

Meade Testing Lj 

Osborn Engineer 

Raymond Gayloi 

Pittsburgh Test! 

Chicago, 111 . 

New York, N 

Birmingham, 

Dallas, Tex.. 

Detroit, Mich 

St, Louis, Mo 

Penniman & Bro 

Herbert L. Sheri 

Duluth Testing I 

Henry S. Spackn 

Smith, Emery & 

Sanford E. Thorn 

Westinghouse, 

J. R. Worcester i 



yes 



yes 
yes 



yes 

yes 
yes 



yes 
no 



yes 

yes 
yes 



yes 



* 
yes 
no 
yes 



yes 
yes 



no 
yes 
no 
yes 



no 



yes 



Question No. 8. 
All things con- 
sidered which 
method do you 
recommend as a 
standard for the 
United States ? 



yes 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gilimore 
Gillmore 
Vicat 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 



Question No. 9. 
A statement of the preference 
of your individual laboratory 
men experienced in this wo ik 
with both forms of apparatus is 
requested. How many prefer : 
(A) Vicat ; (B) Gillmore ? 





"■"o*" 

none 



1 
1 

none 

none 



none 




none 
none 

""2" 

* 



3* 
8 

4 



4 

20 

5 

2 



1 

2* 



1 

3* 



1 
1 
0* 



Carnegie Technic 

Cornell Universii 

University of Cal * 

Iowa State Univ^ 

Lehigh University yes 

Leland Stanford, 

New York Unive 

State University 

Lafayette CoUeff 

University of lllii 

University of Mij 

University of Wj 

University of Ma , 

University of Cc yes 
University of Pel yes 

University of We , 

Virginia Polytect yes 

University of Kg 

Purdue Universii yes 
Tulane Universit yes 

Washington Uni^ 

Ohio State Univfl 



d in reply. 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
* 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

GiUmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 




TABLE 18 — (Concluded). 



Commercial Labobatories. — Time of Setting. 



Allentown Testing Laboratory 

American Bureau of Inspection and 

Buffalo Testing Laboratory 

Booth, Garrett & Blair 

Crowell & Murray 

Institute of Industrial Research 

Detroit Testing Laboratory 

Floyd Rose & Co 

Froeline & Robertson 

Gulicb-Henderson & Co 

Hildreth & Co 

Robert W. Hunt & Co.; 

Pittsburgh, Pa 

Chicago, Hi 

St. Louis, Mo 

San Francisco, Cal 

John Hawley 

Iron City Testing Laboratory 

Industrial Testing Laboratory 

Lehigh Valley Testing Laboratory. . . 

Ueade Testing Laboratory 

Osbom Engineering Co 

Raymond Saylord Osborne 

Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories : 

Chicago, 111 

New York, N. Y 

Birmingham, Ala 

Dallas, Tex 

Detroit, Mich 

St. Louis, Mo 

Penniman & Brown 

Herbert L. Sherman 

Duluth Testing Laboratory 

Henry S. Spackman Engineering Co 

Smith, Emery & Co 

Sanford E. Thompson 

Westiugbouse, Church, Kerr & Co.. 
J. E. Worcester & Co 



Question No. 1. 

Have you had experience 
in determination of 
time of setting with : 

(A) Vloat ; (B) Gillmoie f 



yea 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



Question No. 2. 
Which method 

do you 
commonly use ? 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 



Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Vicat (exclu.) 
Gillmore 
Vicat 



Question No. 3, 

Approximately how 

many tests have you 

made within the past 

two years with : 

(A) Vicat ; JB) Gillmore i 



few 

sev. himd. 

6 000 

none 



2S00 
v. thous. 
10 000 



1500 

1100 

4 000 

thous. 



Question No. 4. 
Which method 

do you find 
most accurate? 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vieat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Little differ. 
Vicat 



Vloat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat-slightly 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

No choice 

Vicat 



Question No. 5. 
Is reply to question No. 4 
based on : (A) Tests ; (B) 

Usage ; (C) Opinion ! 

(A) (B) (C) 



Question No. 6. 

Which appara- 
tus do you 
consider the 
simpler and 

more 
convenient ¥ 



yes 
yes 
yes» 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Vicat 



Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Glilmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 



Question No. 7. 

Is reply to Question No. 6 

based on : (Aj Comparative 

tests: (B) Usage without 

comparative tests ; 

(C) Personal opinion? 

(A) (B) (C) 



yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 
yes 



Question No. 8. 
All things con- 
sidered which 
method do you 
■ecommend as a 
standard for the 
United States ? 



Question No. 9. 
A statement of the preference 
of your individual laboratory 
men experienced in this work 
with both forms of apparatus is 
requested. How many prefer : 
(A) Vicat; (B) Gillmore? 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Vicat 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmoire 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 







University Laboratories. — Time of Setting. 



Carnegie Technical Schools 

Cornell University 

University of California 

Iowa State University 

Lehigh University 

Leland Stanford, Jr., University 

New York University 

Slate University of Kentucky 

Lafayette College 

University of Illinois 

University of Michigan 

University of Wisconsin 

University of Maine 

University of Colorado 

University of Pennsylvania 

University of West Virginia 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute 

University of Kansas 

Purdue University 

Tulane University 

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo 
Ohio State University 



yea 

yes 

little 

yes 

yes 

jes 



yes 
yes 
yes 
yes 



slight 

yes 



Vicat 

Vicat 

Vloat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

both 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

both 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 



none 
none 
none 
none 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 

"vicat 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Vicat 
Vieat* 

« 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Gillmore 



yes 
yes 



yes 
yes 

yes 



Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat* 

Glilmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

(gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 







yes 






yes 


no 


* 


yes 


yes 






yes 


yes 


yes 
yes 


yes 




yes 

yes 
yes 


yes 






yes 






yes 






yes 


■yes ' 
yes 




yes 








yes 


yes 


no 


yes 
yes 


yes 
yes 



Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 



* Question is not specifically answered, but the matter is discussed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject was Included in reply. 



iij 



1 

:d Nov. 30, 1912, 


Concerning Methods of Determination of 


Committee. 








>. 5. 

lestion 

a: 

? 

a? 
(C) 


Question 
No. 6. 
Which appa- 
rat us do you 
consider the 
simpler and 

more 
convenient? 


Question No. 7. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 6 based on: 

(A) Tests? 

(B) Usage? 

(C) Opinion? 
(A) (B) (C) 


Question 

No. 8. 
All things 
considered, 
which method 
do you recom- 
mend as a 
standard for 
United States? 


Question No. 9. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men experienced 
in this work and with both 
forms of apparatus is re- 
quested. How many prefer: 
(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore. 




Gillmore 


Yes 






Vicat 


* 


* 


.... 


Gillmore 


Yes 




.... 


Gillmore 





All 


Yes 


Gillmore 


Yes 


.... 


.... 


Vicat 





8 




Gillmore 


Yes 


Yes 


. • * • 


* 





3 


.... 


Gillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 


None 


All 


.... 


Gillmore 


• • • • 




' "*" 






• • • • 




Gillmore 


Yes* 


.... 


.... 


Gillmore 


*b" 


All 


No* 


Gillmore 


No 


Yes 


No 


Gillmore 





4 




Gillmore 


Yes* 


.... 




Vicat* 


* 


* 


Yes 


Gillmore 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Vicat 


All 


.... 


No 


Gillmore 


No 


Yes 


No 


Gillmore 


1 


25* 




Gillmore 


• . • • 


Yes 


■ . • • 


Gillmore 


.... 


5 


Yes 


Gillmore 


Yes 


• • • • 


• • • • 


Vicai* 


... 


All 




Gillmore 


. * • • 


Yes 


• • • • 


Gillmore 





8 


.... 


Gillmore 


Yes 




* • . • 


Gillmore 





All 


Yes 


Gillmore 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 





3 


Yes 


GillmOre 


Yes 


... 


Yes 


GiUmore 


.... 


AU 




Gillmore 


Yes 






Vicat 


* 


* 




Gillmore 


• > • • 


Yes 




* 




. . • • 




Gillmore 


No 


No 


Yes 


Gillmore 


**d" 


4 


Yes 


Gillmore 




Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 


.... 


1 




Gillmore 




Yes 




Gillmore 





4 




Gillmore 


Yes 


.... 




Gillmore 





3 


!!!! 


Gillmore 


Yes 


.... 


.... 


Gillmore 





All 


■ . • • 


Gillmore 


Yes 


Yes 


.... 


No preference 


.... 


.... 


.... 


Gillmore 


.... 


.... 


.... 




.... 


.... 


Yes 


Gillmore 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 





All 


No 


Gillmore 


No 


Yes 


No 


Gillmore 




.... 


.... 


Gillmore 


Yes 


.. 




Vicat 


1 


2 


' 


Gillmore 


.... 


Yes 




Gillmore 


• • • • 


.... 




Gillmore 




.... 




Vicat 


All 


.... 


] .::: 


Gillmore 






Yes 


Vicat 





All 


Yes 


Gillmore 




Yes 


.... 


Gillmore 





2 


* 


Gillmore 


'*"* 


* 


'* 


Gillmore* 





2 


Yes 


Gillmore 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 


, , 


3 


! 


Gillmore 


Yes 


.... 




Gillmore 





All 


Yes 


Gillmore 


Yes 


.... 


Yes 


Gillnniore 





5 


— 


Gillmore 


— 


— 


Yes 


Gillmore 





3 


j of the 

! 

1 


whole subject w 


as indue 


led in re 


ply- 









TABLE 19. — Summary of Replies to Letters of Inquiry of Joint Conference Letter, Dated Nov. 30, 1912, Concerning Methods of Determination 

Time of Setting. — ^Prepared by Executive Committee. 



iDdividual or Company. 



Alabama Portland Cement Co 

Allcntown Portland Cement Co , 

Alpha Portland Cement Co 

Atlantic & Gulf Portland Cement Co. . . 

Atlas Portland Cement Co 

Bath Portland Cement Co 

Bonner Portland Cement Co 

Burt Portland Cement Co 

California Portland Cement Co 

Canada Cement Co 

Cape Girardeau Portland Cement Co... 

Cayuga Lake Cement Co 

ChleaKO Port land Cement Co 

Cliochfleld Portland Cement Co. . . 

Colorado Portland Cement Co , 

Continental Portland Cement Co 

Coplay Cement Manufacturing Co 

Crescent Portland Cement Co 

Dewey Portland Cement Co 

Dexter Portland Cement Co 

Diamond Portland Cement Co 

Dixie Portland Cement Co , 

Edison Portland Cement Co 

German-American Portland Cement Co 

Glena Falls Portland Cement Co 

Golden State Portland Cement Co 

Hanover Portland Cement Co 

Helderberg Portland Cement Co 

Huron Portland Cement Co 

Inland Portland Cement Co 

lola Portland Cement Co 

Iowa Portland Cement Co 

Ironton Portland Cement Co 

Kirkfleld Portland Cement Co 

Kosmos Portland Cement Co 

Lawrence Portland Cement Co 

Louisville Cement Co 

Marquette Portland Cement Jlfg. Co... 



Question No. 1. 
Have you had experi- 
ence in the determi- 
nation of time of 
setting with : 
(A) iB) 

Vicat GilUr.ore. 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Question 
No. 8. 
Which 
method 
do you 
commonly 
use? 



Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Both* 
Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Both* 
Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
(4illmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 



Question No. 8. 
Approximately how 
many tests have 
you made within 
the past two years 
with: 

(A) (B) 

Vicat Gillmore 



2S0 

7000 

750* 

Many 

thousands 

500* 

10 000 

30 000 

20 000 

80 000 

1000 

30 000 

10 000 to 

15 000 

12 000 

1000 
S6 000 
30 000 



900 

17 600 

18 000 
6 000 

120 000 
14 000 
900 
3 000 
7000 
30 000 
Thousands 



Question 

No. 4. 

Which 

method do 

you And moat 

accurate? 



Vicat 
No difference 
Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat* 

Vicat 

GiUmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 



Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 



Vicat 
No choice 



Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vicat 



Both 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 



Question No. 5. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 4 based on: 

(A) Teats? 

(Bi Usage? 

(C) Opinion? 

(A) (B) (0) 



Yes 
Yes 




Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


Yes 
No 
Yes* 
Yes 


Yes 
Yes 


No 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes 
No 

Yes 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes 




Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


No' 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 

No 


Yes 
Yes 

Yes 

y4s 


No 


Yes 


Yes 
Yes 





Yes 

* 
Yes 



No. 6. 
Which appa- 
ratus do you 
consider the 
simpler and 

more 
convenient? 



Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gill more 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmorfe 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

GiUmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 

GiUmore 
GUlmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GUlmore 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
GUlmore 
Gillmore 
GUlmore 



Question No. 7. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 6 based on: 

(A) Tests? 

(B) Usage? 

(C) Opinion? 

(A) (B) (C) 



Yes 




Yes 




Yes 




Yes 


Yes 


Yes 




Yes* 




No 


Yes 


Yes* 




Yes 


Yes 


No 


Yes 




Yes 


Yes 






Yes 


Yes 




No 


Yes 


Yes 




Yes 






Yes 


No 


No 




Yes 




Yes 


Yea 




Yes 




Yes 


Yes 


No 


Yes 


No 


Yes 


Yes 






Yes 




Yes 


+ 




No 


Yes 


Yes 




Yes 





Question 

No. 8. 
AU things 
considered, 
hich method 
do you recom- 
mend as a 
standard for 
United Slates? 



Vicat 

GiUmore 

Vicat 



GiUmore 
GiUmore 
Vicat* 
Vicat 

GiUmore 

Gillmore 

Vicai* 

GUlmore 

GUlmore 

GiUmore 

GiUmore 

Vicat 



Gillmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
No preference 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 

Vicat 

GUlmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Gillmore 

Gillmore* 

GUlmore 

Gillmore 

Gillmore 

GiUmore 



Question No. 0. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men experienced 
in this work and with both 
forms of apparatus is re- 
quested. How many prefer: 
(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore. 



" Question is not specifically answered, but the matter is discussed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject was included in reply. 



:.'*h->i'^H.'* '*r^f,'~^ 



!i/. 



11 



! ( / 



Question 
No. 6. 
hich appa- 
.us do you 
nsider the 
simpler 
md more 
nvenient? 


Question No. 7. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 6 based on: 

(A) Tests? 

(B) Usage? 

(C) Opinion? 
(A) (B) (C) 


Question 

No. 8. 
All things 
consiaered, 
which method 
do you recom- 
mend as a 
standard for 
United States? 


Question No. 9. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oratory men, experienced 
in this work and with both 
forms of apparatus is re- 
quested. How many prefer: 
(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore. 


NatiGrillmore 




Yes 




Gillmore 




* 


Naza 














aillmore 








Both 





All 


New^illmore 


.... 




Yes 


Vicat 






NewGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 





2 


NewGrillmore 






Yes 


Vicat 






NorfGHllmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 




1 


Nortaillmore 


Yes 


Yes 




Gillmore 




2 


NortGrillraore 


Yes 




Yes 


Gillmore 


4 





OgdCrillmore 






Yes 


Vicat 






OJilaGillmore 




Y'es 




Gillmore 




* 


OmeQillmore 


Yes 






Vicat 


2 





OntaGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 





1 


PaciGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 




All 


PeerGillmore 




Yes 




Vicat 





3 


PeniGillmore 


Yes 






Vicat 




All 


PeniGillmore 


* 


* 


* 


Gillmore 





4 


RiveGiUmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 






SandGillmore 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 






SantGillmore 


Yes 


No 


No 


Gillmore 


6 


4 


SecuGillmore 


Yes 


.... 


• 


Gillmore 




5 


SoutGillmore 


No 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 




2 


SoutGillmore 


Yes 


.... 




Gillmore 





3 


StanGillmore 






Yes 


Vicat 






Sun 'Gillmore 


Yes 


No 


No 


Gillmore 




Ali 


SupoGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 





All 


SupeGilimore 


Yes 






Gillmore 


None 


All 


SupeGillmore 






• • • • 


Vicat 







TexaGillmore 


Yes 




• • • « 


Vicat 




All 


ThreGillmore 




Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 




2 


TideGillmore 


Yes 




, 


Gillmore 




All 


Tolt€Gillmore 


Yes 


No 


No 


Gillmore 





5 


UnioGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 







UnioGillmore 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 





* 


UnitGillmore 


.... 


Yes 




Vicat 






Unit< 














BGiJhnore 


Yes 




.... 


Gillmore 


1 


1 


Unit<Gillmore 






Yes 


Vicat 




2 


Unit<Gillmore 




Yes 


• • • • 


Gillmore 






UnivGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 






UnivQillmore 


Yes 






Vicat 


* 




VancGillmore 


.... 




Yes 


Gillmore 





4 


VirgiGillmore 


Yes* 


No 


No 


Gillmore 


* 




VulcjGillmore 




Yes 




GiUmore 





2 


WabJGillmore 






Yes 








Wast Gill more 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Gillmore 




ill 


WestGiUmore 


Yes 




.... 


Vicat 




All 


WhitGillmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 




All 


Wolv 














Gillmore 


Yes 






Vicat 


All 




Wyai GiUmore 


Yes 






Gillmore 


5 


6 



>ject was included in reply. 



TABLE 19.—(Condu.ded). 



Individual or Company. 



National Portland Cement Co 

Nazareth Cement Co 

New Aetna Portland Cement Co 

Newaygo Portland Cement Co 

New Castle Portland Cement Co 

Norfolk Portland Cement Co 

Northampton Portland Cement Co 

Northwestern States Portland Cement Co 

Ogden Portland Cement Co 

Oklahoma Portland Cement Co 

Omega Portland Cement Co 

Ontario Portland Cement Co 

Pacific Portland Cement Co 

Peerless Portland Cement Co 

Peninsular Portland Cemeot Co 

Pennsylvania Cement Co 

Riverside Portland Cement Co 

Sandusky Portland Cement Co 

Santa Crnz Portland Cement Co 

Security Cement and Lime Co 

Southern States Portland Cement Co 

Southwestern States Portland Cement Co 

Standard Portland Cement Co 

Sun Portland Cement Co 

Superior Portland Cement Co., Superior, Ohio 

Superior Portland Cement Co., Concrete, Wash.., 
Superior Portland Cement Co., Orangeville, Ont. . 

Texas Portland Cement Co 

Three Forks Portland Cement Co 

Tidewater Portland Cement Co 

Toltec Portland Cement Co 

Union Portland Cement Co 

Union Sand and Material Co., St. Louis, Mo 

United Kansas Portland Cement Co., lola, Kans.. . 
United Kansas Portland Cement, Independence. 

Kans 

United Slates Portland CementCo., Concrete, Colo, 
United States Port. Cement Co., Yocomento, Kans. 
Universal Portland Cement Co., Bufflngton, Ind.. 

Universal Portland Cement Co., Universal, Pa 

Vancouver Portland CementCo 

Virginia Portland Cement Co 

Vulcanite Portland Cement Co 

Wabash Portland Cement Co 

Washington Portland Cement Co 

Western States Portland Cement Co 

Whitehall Portland Cement Co 

Wolverine Portland Cement Co 

Wyandotte Portland Cement Co 



Question No. 1. 
Have you had experi- 
ence in the determi- 
nation of time of 
setting with: 

(A) (Bi 

Vicat. Gillmore. 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yea 
Yes 
Yes 
Little 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 

Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Question 
No. 2. 
Which 
method 
do you 
dy 
use! 



Grillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 
Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Neither 
Gillmore 
Gillmoi'e 
Gdlmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Both 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 

Gillmore 



Question No. 3. 

Approximately how 

many tests have you 

made within the past 

two years with: 

lA) (B) 

Vicat. Gillmore. 



4000 
Several 
hundred 

1000 



6O0O 
Several 
thousands 

2 000 
21000 
12 000 

3 600 
Thousands 
24 per day 

2 600 

3 000 
8000 



6 000 

8 000 
S5 000 
Few 
18 500 
16 000 

6 000 
20 000 

6 000 

8 000 
Daily 
10 000 

6 000 

40 000 

Thousands 

40 000 

2O0O 
25 000 
16 000 



Question 

No. 4. 

Which 

method do 

you find most 

accurate? 



Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 

Gillmore 
Vicat 

No choice 

Vicat 

Neither 

Vicat 

No choice 
Vicat 
Vicat 
Vicat 

GUlmore 



No choice 

Vicat 
Gillmore 



Vicat 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Gillmore* 

Vicat 

Equal 

Vicat 
Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 

Vieat 

Gillmore 

Vicat* 
Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Gillmore 

Equal 
No Choice 



Gillmore* 
Gillmore 



Question No. 6. 

Is reply to Question 

No. 4 based on; 

(A) Tests? 

(B) Usage! 

(C) Opinion? 
(A) (fi) (C) 





Yes 


Yes 


Ves 




Yes 


Yes 






Yes 






Yes 




Yes 








Yes 
Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 

No 


y4s 




Yes 








Yes 


.... 


Yes 


No 


No 


Yes 






No 


Yes 




Yes 




Yes 


Yes 


No 


No 


Yes 






Yes 






Yes 








Yes 


Yes 


Yes 






No 


Yes 


No 


Yes 






Yes 


No 
Yes 


No 


Yes 




Yes 
Yes 


Yes 






Yes 




Yes 


Yes* 


No 


No 




Yes 






Yes 


Yes 


Yes 






Yes 






Yes 

Yes 







Question 
No. 6. 
Which appa- 
ratus do you 
coDsider the 
simpler 
and more 
convenient? 



Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Qillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GillmorH 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GiUmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 



Question No. 7. 
Is replv to Question 

No. 6 based on: 

(A) Tests? 

(B) Usage? 

(C) Opinion? 
(A) (B) (C) 



Question 

No. 8. 
All thiDRs 
consioered. 
which method 
do you recom- 
mend as a 
standard for 
United States? 



Yes 

Yes 
Yes 



Yes 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Yes 

Yes 

Yes* 



Yes 
Yes 
Yes 



Gillmore 

Both 

Vicat 
Gillmore 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 
Gillmore 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GUlmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 

GUlmore 

Vicat 
GUlmore 
Gillmore 

Vicat 
Gillmore 
Gillmore 
GlUmore 



Gillmore 
Vicat 

Gillmore 



Question No. 9. 
A statement of the prefer- 
ence of your individual lab- 
oi-atory men, experienced 
in this work and with both 
forms of appiu'atus is re- 
quested. Howmanyprefer: 
(A) Vicat. (B) Gillmore. 



* Question is not speciflcaUy answered, but the matter is discussed, or a detailed discussion of the whole subject was included in reply. 



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RESULTS OF DETERMINATIONS OF TIME OF SETTING 

SECOND SERIES 
PREPARED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 



Cement No.61 
Initial Final 



Cement No.71 
Initial Final 



Cement No.81 
Initial Final 




Avg. 



MAXIMUM RANGE OF DETERMINATIONS 

OF TIME OF SETTING OF ALL LABORATORIES 

(Lines show Average Determination of Each Laboratory) 




MEAN VARIATION FROM THE AVERAGE OF ALL LABORATORIES 



LEGEND 

PHlmnra i i 

Vicflt. v^MW^i 

Fig. 11. 



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A A 1 IVI U IVI , m 1 IN 1 IVI U IVI MM U IVI UMM 

SET OF THREE TESTS ON EACH 
5ILLM0RE AND VICAT APPARATUS. 

Plotted. Tests of Dec. 18, 1912. 
ted by Mr. Phillips. 
































































































































































91 


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45 77 63 91 


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niAfiRAM ^f-inwmr; mayimiim minimum and MEAN 






























































































































































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SAMPLE OF CEMENT BY GILLMORE AND VICAT APPARATUS. 

Sample No. 26 Not Plotted. Teats of Dec. 18, 1912. 




— 




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80 



small as shown by the grand average mean variation from the average 
which was only 0.88% of water for the Ball method and 0.60% of 
water for the Vicat method. The grand average range is 4.7% of 
water for the Ball method and 3.2% of water for the Vicat method. 

2. The Simplicity and Convenience of the Two Methods, 

Opinion regarding the simplicity of the two methods can be shown 
from the replies received from 175 laboratories consisting of 81 pro- 
ducers and 94 non-producers as follows: 114 laboratories consisting 
of 59 producers and 55 non-producers stated that they considered the 
Ball method simpler while 16 laboratories consisting of 4 producers 
and 12 non-producers considered the Vicat method simpler and more 
convenient, or seven times as many laboratories testify that they con- 
sider the Ball method simpler than the Vicat, and this is evident upon 
the consideration of the manipulation required by the two methods. 

3. The Extent to which each Method is now Used. 

It is found from the replies received, from the letter of inquiry, 
that 84 laboratories consisting of 49 producers and 35 non-producers 
are using the Ball method in routine testing and 57 laboratories con- 
sisting of 19 producers and 38 non-producers are using the Vicat 
apparatus in their routine testing. The significant fact is that the 
majority of the non-producing laboratories are using the Vicat method 
in routine tests. 

If.. The Recommendations of Cement Testing Laboratories concerning 

a Standard Method. 

Regardless of the simplicity of the Ball method 70 laboratories con- 
sisting of 29 producers and 41 non-producers recommend the adoption 
of the Vicat method as the standard and 58 laboratories consisting of 
37 producers and 21 non-producers, recommend the Ball method as the 
standard. This shows that not only a majority of all laboratories but 
also two to one of the non-producing laboratories recommend the 
adoption of the Vicat method in preference to the Ball method for 
determining normal consistency. 

Conclusion. 

Therefore as a result of these investigations it is evident that the 
Vicat needle, should for the present be adopted as the universal 
standard. 

Time of Setting. 

1. The Reproducibility of the Two Methods. 

A study of these tests show that the Gillmore method is eighty per 
cent, as accurate as the Vicat method based on the grand mean varia- 
tion from the average. This is assuming that the Vicat apparatus is 
accurate, but the results show a grand mean variation of forty-nine 
(49) minutes for the Vicat method and sixty-two (62) minutes 
for the Gillmore. With such a wide variation as is shown by the Vicat, 
which is about four times as great as the variation between the two 
methods, there is no assurance that the average result obtained by the 
Vicat is necessarily the correct value. It should be recognized that 

81 



in studying these results only mean values have been considered. The 
maximum range of values obtained by both methods is very much 
greater. 

2. The Simplicity and Convenience of the Two Methods. 

The simplicity of the two methods is stated in the replies received 
from 183 laboratories; 165 laboratories comprised of 77 producers and 
88 Bon-producers state that they regard the Gillmore method as simpler 
and more convenient to use, while no producers and only 15 non-pro- 
ducers state that they considered the Vicat simpler, or in other words, 
practically ten times the number state that they consider the Gillmore 
simpler and more convenient. These statements are probably due to 
the following facts : 

(a) The apparatus requires an additional test piece. 

(b) It necessitates taking and shipping larger size samples. 

(c) It requires a ring mould for each test piece. 

(d) The time, labor and facilities required are excessive as each 
test piece must be taken from and returned to the damp closet when 
making observations, additional damp closet space is necessary for the 
storage of test pieces and the ring moulds require cleaning, while the 
Gillmore needles can be applied to one of the soundness test pieces 
in the damp closet. 

3. The Extent to which each Method is now Used. 

It is significant that prior to the issuance of standard Government 
specifications when there was only one so-called standard specification 
in use, and this required the use of the Vicat needle, 128 testing lab- 
oratories comprised of 63 producers and 65 non-producers used the 
Gillmore method in their regular testing, while 34 laboratories com- 
prised of 8 producers and 26 non-producers used the Vicat method. 
That is, practically four to one were using the Gillmore in preference 
to the Vicat. Replies to the letter of the Joint Conference show that 
144 laboratories use the Gillmore in regular testing while only 28 
use the Vicat and of this number there are nearly three non-producers 
using the Gillmore to one using the Vicat. 

Jf. The Recommendations of Cement Testing Laboratories concerning 

a Standard Method. 

It is as a result of these factors that 107 laboratories consisting of 
51 producers and 48 non-producers, recommend the Gillmore for the 
standard while only 53 laboratories consisting of 22 producers and 31 
non-producers recommend the Vicat as the standard or nearly twice 
as many recommend the adoption of the Gillmore method in prefer- 
ence to the Vicat. 

General Discussion. 

The object of this Conference is to secure uniformity in tests of 
cement. While it is, of course, important to adopt the best methods, 
the matter of uniformity is important in itself and where there is 
grave doubt as to the best method as seems to be the present case, 

•82 



the practicability of securing uniformity should be given first con- 
sideration. For more than 10 years there has been but one authorized 
standard of apparatus for determining the time of setting of cement 
and this is the Vicat apparatus, authorized and backed by the American 
Society of Civil Engineers, a universally recognized authority upon 
such subjects. 

In that time, this authority in the well grounded and universal 
desire for uniformity has succeeded in putting the Vicat apparatus 
into habitual use in only 43 out of 219 laboratories reporting on this 
question and 165 used the Gillmore in routine testing and five used 
both. The Gillmore, therefore, is more than five times as popular as 
the Vicat, in spite of the weight of authority on the side of the Vicat. 
It is very clear that if the weight of authority had been during this 
time on the side of the Gillmore, this apparatus would now be in uni- 
versal use, and we would have had uniformity in this subject long ago. 

There is an obvious advantage in having the standard in daily 
use, so that all manipulators will be practised in its use and will secure 
uniform results in cases of disputes. 

The experience of the past few years in the endeavor to make the 
Vicat the universal standard together with the testimony that it is 
little used and much less convenient than the other apparatus, make 
it clear that any further effort to make this apparatus the universal 
standard and secure uniformity thereby, is useless. 

Conclusion. 

It is therefore evident that the Gillmore needles should be for the 
present universally adopted as the standard method for determining 
the time of setting. 

Final Recommendation. 

The most significant fact brought out by this investigation is the 
failure of all of these methods to furnish accurate information regard- 
ing the points in question and the fallacy of considering any method 
as standard which permits of such extreme variations as are shown 
by these tests, especially when the laboratories selected are recognized 
as the most competent cement testing laboratories in the country. 

It is therefore recommended that immediate steps be taken to 
develop true standard methods for determining normal consistency 
and time of setting. 



Eeasons for recommending the Vicat Needle for time of setting 

PRESENTED DECEMBER 19, 1913, BY COMMITTEES ( UNANIMOUS) OF 

American Society of Cril Engineers and American Society for 
Testing Materials. 



1. It is the standard of the International Association for Testing 

Materials and in Europe its use is practically universal. 

2. The tests show it to be the more accurate of the two. 

3. The Vicat apparatus furnishes a truer indication of the setting, 

since the determination of the initial set is on the mass of 
the test piece and not on a surface affected by troweling, 

83 



drying and temperature changes. The method of making the 
test piece for the Gillmore apparatus is not capable of accu- 
rate description and therefore subject in a greater degree to 
the personal equation of the operator. 

4. The difference in simplicity is relatively small. 

5. The slight advantage in cost and time in the Gillmore over the 

Vicat apparatus is immaterial. 

6. The additional cement required is unimportant. 

7. The Vicat method avoids two apparatus. 

8. Evidence in the form of opinions of parties interested in 

economies in testing should not be the basis for a decision in 
the matter. 



Eeply of the U. S. Government Committee (unanimous) to the 
Statement received December 19, 1913, from the representatives 
OF THE American Society of Civil Engineers and the American 
Society for Testing Materials. 



1. It is the standard of the International Association for Testing 
Materials and in Europe its use is practically universal. 

Reply: — While it appears from the published reports of the Inter- 
national Association for Testing Materials and other Engineering 
Societies that the Vicat apparatus, after a period of years, has become 
a recognized standard throughout Europe, there is no information to 
show that it is universally used in all testing laboratories. This is 
pertinent as foreigners from consulting reports of American Engineer- 
ing Societies, especially that of the special committee of the American 
Society of Civil Engineers of 1912 in which it is stated that, "19 lab- 
oratories used the Gillmore methods and 114 used the Vicat", would 
conclude that the Vicat apparatus is not only the recognized standard 
but is in universal use in this country while the facts show the con- 
■ trary. 

It should be further recognized that probably the controlling factor 
in establishing one standard in Europe was the very close commercial 
relations of the different countries there, and as the Vicat method was 
developed in Erance it was but natural that it should be adopted in 
continental Europe. 

2. The tests show it to be the more accurate of the two. 

An inspection of the results obtained in this series of tests which 
were made in accordance with special instructions by laboratories care- 
fully selected as among the most experienced and competent in 
cement testing, show such extreme variations in the results that a 
statement of relative uniformity has no significance. It should be 
emphasized that while an analysis of our investigations shows that the 
Vicat method gives somewhat more uniform results than the Ball 
method in determining normal consistency, and further that its use 
was recommended by the majority of laboratories, this method fails 
entirely to fix the consistency or homogeneity of the mass which is 
dependent upon the amount of work or energy which is used in mixing 
the cement, as well as upon the quantity of water. It is this variable 

84 



which is largely responsible for the extreme variations obtained in 
determining time of setting by both methods and until some satisfac- 
tory method is developed for determining consistency such variation 
must necessarily occur. For further detailed discussion of the relative 
uniformity of the results obtained by the two methods see our pre- 
vious analyses. 

3. The Vicat apparatus furnishes a truer indication of the setting 
since the determination of the initial set is on the mass of the test 
piece and not on a surface affected by troweling, drying and temp- 
erature changes. The method of making the test piece for the Gill- 
more apparatus is not capable of accurate description and therefore 
subject in a greater degree to the personal equation of the operator. 

Reply: — No data has been advanced to show that the exterior set- 
ting of the mass of cement does not occur at the same time as the 
setting of the interior, in fact, the results would indicate that there 
was practically no difference in this action. The possibility of drying 
or temperature changes would be the same under standard conditions 
of storage, and finally, it is believed that the Gillmore method can be 
as accurately described as the Vicat method. 

4. The difference in simplicity is relatively small. 

Reply: — The difference in simplicity can perhaps be best illus- 
trated by the following tabulation of operations required in the per- 
formance of each test: 

Vicat. Gillmore. 

a. Forming ball. a. & b. Soundness test piece is used, 

b. Filling ring mold. therefore no special test 

c. Striking off top surface. piece is made for the test. 

d. Placing mold under needle. c. Flattening top of pat. 

e. Bringing needle to surface and d 

tightening screw. e. Placing needle on pat. 

f . Releasing screw and needle. f 

g. Observing time of setting and g. Observing indentation. 

reading scale. h 

h. Lifting needle and securing i. Removing needle from pat. 

same. j. Cleaning needle. 

i. Cleaning needle. k 

j. Replacing mold in damp closet. 1 

k. Removing cement from ring m 

mold. n 

1. Cleaning mold. 

m. Oiling. 

n. Occasional cleaning of guides 

and rod and purchase of 

additional ring molds which 

are expendable. 

From the above it is seen that the Vicat method requires at least 8 
operations which are not required by the Gillmore method, and this 
is, of course, multiplied as a number of readings must be made before 
the time of setting is finally determined. Assuming that 10 readings 
are made, the Vicat method would require 39 additional operations 

85 



not required by the Gillmore method. It is evident from the replies 
received that the difference in simplicity is relatively large as stated 
in detail in our previous analyses. 

5. The slight advantage in cost and time in the Gillmore over the 
Vicat apparatus is immaterial. 

Reply: — A conservative estimate of the increase in cost of testing 
15 000 samples of cement, if the Yicat method were required for deter- 
mining time of setting in place of the Gillmore method, is $950.00 
per year. 

6. The additional cement required is unimportant. 

Reply: — The matter of additional cement required is unimportant 
except in cases where samples must be shipped long distances, which is 
not unusual. (See our previous analysis.) 

7. The Yicat method avoids two apparatus. 

Reply: — This is immaterial compared with the many advantages 
of the Gillmore apparatus. Practically every laboratory in the country 
has a Gillmore apparatus, and if not, the cost of sufficient ring molds 
alone as required by the Vicat apparatus would be far greater than the 
cost of a new Gillmore apparatus. 

8. Evidence in the form of opinions of parties interested in econo- 
mies in testing should not be the basis for a decision in the matter. 

Reply : — Replying to this statement it is first desired to quote from 
the Report of the Special Committee of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers on Uniform Tests of Cements as given in the proceedings 
of the Society for February, 1912. 

"The Vicat apparatus recommended by your Committee in its first 
preliminary report in 1903, had been in use for many years in many 
laboratories and had been thoroughly tried out in the laboratory of 
the City of Philadelphia. Since 1903 its use has been greatly extended. 
Previous to the last Annual meeting, the Secretary of this Committee 
addressed a letter of inquiry to testing laboratories in the United 
States, and received replies from 143; of these, 93 reported the use 
of the methods recommended by your Committee, and 72 reported them 
very satisfactory; 12 were from Army Engineers who used the methods 
prescribed by the Engineer Corps in Professional Paper 28; 30 used 
their own methods and 8 reported that they did not make cement tests ; 
of the total number of replies 19 used the Gillmore needles and 114 
used the Vicat apparatus; 2 used their own methods, and the re- 
mainder, as previously stated, did not make cement tests." 

It will be observed from the above report that this committee used 
this as one of their main arguments for substantiating their position,, 
although many of the above laboratories are commercial and interested 
in economy. 

The replies received by the Joint Conference showed that only 
43 out of 219 laboratories commonly used the Vicat method. The 
replies also showed that 176 laboratories out of 219 commonly used the 
Gillmore, and in addition 107 laboratories out of 160 having experience 
with both methods and after giving the matter careful consideration 
recommend the adoption of the Gillmore as a standard in preference 
to the Vicat. 

86 



The recommendations advanced by a large majority of both pro- 
ducer and non-producer American laboratories who have had experi- 
ence with both methods certainly should be given greater weight than 
the recommendations of an International Association or Foreign 
Countries which have had experience with practically but one method 
and to be consistent with its previous attitude the members of the 
Special Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers, who 
are now on the Joint Conference, should give the same weight of 
argument to the results of the letters of inquiry of the Joint Confer- 
ence as was given in their original report. 

The recommendations of a large majority of the recognized cement 
testing laboratories throughout the country can not be ignored, and as 
stated in the previous analysis, the fact that the Vicat apparatus is 
not used in the majority of the testing laboratories in spite of the fact 
that it has been adopted by practically all Engineering Societies as 
standard, show the futility of attempting to force its adoption as a 
standard, especially when the results of the tests made for the Joint 
Conference show so clearly that the greater accuracy obtained by the 
Vicat method is very slight as compared with the many advantages of the 
Gillmore method and the extreme variations obtained are quite as great. 
As has been stated the lack of uniformitj^ is due to the failure to obtain 
a uniform and homogeneous mass upon which time of setting is deter- 
mined and therefore we should not give undue consideration to very 
slight differences in uniformity of results obtained by the two methods 
when both have extreme variations. 

The U. S. Departmental Committee of the Joint Conference con- 
cluded that the Gillmore method should be recommended for adoption 
as a standard, in preference to the Vicat, for the following reasons: 

1. It is recommended as the preferable method by the great majority 
of both producer and non-producer laboratories having experience with 
both methods. 

2. It is now commonly used by 4 out of every 5 laboratories in the 
United States. 

3. In simplicity it requires but a fraction of the time, labor and 
expense of the Vicat method. 

4. Its uniformity is approximately as great as that of the Vicat 
method. 

Ax Analysis of the Results of Tests ox Time of Settixg of Port- 
LAXD Cement Determined by the Gillmore Needles axd the 
Vicat Needle. 

By Mr. Webster. 



At the third meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods 
of Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement, held on January 13, 
1913, it was decided that in order to arrive at a logical conclusion 
regarding the best means to be employed for determining the time of 
setting of Portland cement, additional data were required on the 
methods now in use for making this determination. In the United 
States the apparatus used for obtaining the time of setting are the 
Vicat Needle and the Gillmore Needles and both schemes have a 
strong following of adherents.. In order to possess themselves with 

87 



comparable results obtained by these two methods, the Joint Con- 
ference submitted samples of the same cements to numerous labora- 
tories throughout the United States, including Commercial, Private, 
Government and University Laboratories and there had these samples 
subjected to careful tests using both varieties of apparatus. 

Three kinds of cement were tested and they were numbered 61, 
71 and 81 respectively. JSTo. 61 was very quick setting, No. 71 had 
a fineness such that more than 90.8 per cent, passed the No. 200 sieve 
and No. 81 was a normal cement with a fineness of about 85 per cent, 
passing the No. 200 sieve. Three separate determinations for initial 
and final set were made by each laboratory with both kinds of apparatus 
and all of the operators used the same percentage of water. More- 
over the tests were all made on the same date, thus eliminating the 
effect of difference in age and rendering the conditions under which 
the tests were made as uniformly alike and therefore as comparable 
as possible. 

Thirty-four laboratories submitted results and these included 10 
Commercial, 8 Private, 8 Government and 8 University laboratories. 
A detailed tabulation of the results is given in Table 23 and the 
average results are shown graphically on Figure 11. Referring first 
to Tables 22 and 23 it will be noted that the three individual 
results from each laboratory, all obtained presumably under the same 
conditions, differ in value, as a rule. However, the magnitude of the 
difference cannot be considered to be of serious consequence except 
where the results hover around specification requirements. In several 
instances it will be seen that although the result of a single test indi- 
cates the cement to be within specification requirements for initial 
set, the result of another test made by the same person, at the same 
time and therefore under identical conditions, brings it outside of 
specification requirements. This is so when tested with both the 
Gillmore and the Yicat apparatus. When such results as these are 
obtained, results falling near specification limits, it would be only 
fair to base an interpretation on the mean of several tests rather than 
on a single test. 

Referring next to the average values obtained by the various labora- 
tories, the fact is emphasized that although a duplication of results on 
time of setting is possible, the probability of duplication by two 
laboratories is not a strong one. On Figure 11 the average values from 
various laboratories are shown in a graphical form which prominently 
emphasizes their wide variation. Apparently neither the Vicat nor 
the Gillmore apparatus can be relied upon to give check results in' the 
hands of different operators. The wide variations cannot be due 
entirely to the apparatus itself nor yet to its manipulator but rather 
to the unavoidable differences in the mixing of the cement or the 
forming of the specimen, and to the different conditions of tempera- 
ture and humidity. A part of the variation must also have been due 
to the personal equation or the judgment of the different manipulators. 
Both forms of apparatus give widely varying values as obtained by 
different laboratories, but the variation is less with the Vicat than 
with the Gillmore Needles for all three cements and in both initial 
and final set. In the case of the initial set the smaller variation in 

88 



the results obtained with the Vieat apparatus can be accounted for to 
some extent by the elimination of the personal judgment factor of the 
manipulator. In the Vicat apparatus a definite penetration must be 
obtained at initial set and this penetration is very accurately read on 
a graduated scale. In the Gillmore apparatus, however, the operator 
must use his judgment as to when the smaller needle ceases to make 
a perceptible indentation. This obviously is open to much indefinite- 
ness, since the judgments of different operators are likely to be at 
variance as to when indentation ceases. Then, too, the Vicat speci- 
men is apt to be more uniform than the Gillmore specimen, especially 
on the surface. The top of the truncated cone of the Vicat specimen 
is formed with a single stroke of the trowel, whereas that of the pat 
ordinarily used with the Gillmore Needles is troweled and troweled 
moreover to a different extent in its various parts. It is well known 
that troweling tends to produce an un-uniform density on the surface. 
The Gillmore specimen therefore cannot be as uniform as the Vicat 
specimen and moreover this lack of uniformity in density occurs on 
the surface, just where the Gillmore Needle is applied. Then, too, the 
fact that the Gillmore test renders it more susceptible to differences 
in atmospheric conditions than the Vicat test since the surface of the 
specimen is more influenced than the interior by different conditions 
of moisture. 

Conclusion: Based merely on the results obtained, it is the writer's 
opinion that the Vicat apparatus is a more sensitive instrument and 
is capable of giving more uniform results than the Gillmore Needles. 
No apparatus should be designed nor a test formulated which is not 
at least theoretically as perfect as possible. The Gillmore test does 
not comply with this broad principle in that: (a) the specimen is 
not always made in the same way, since it is troweled, (h) the test 
determines the time of setting of the surface rather than body of the 
cement and this surface has been disturbed by troweling, (c) it is 
difficult to apply the needle at right angles to the rounded surface 
of the pat, no matter whether the instrument is supported in guides 
or not. 

The Vicat apparatus is open to none of these theoretical objections 
and the more uniform results obtained with its use than with the 
Gillmore apparatus give practical evidence of its theoretical correct- 
ness. 



Memorandum and Motion of U. S. Government Committee at Joint 
Conference Meeting of January 20th, 1914. 



The Joint Conference was organized October 24, 1912, for the pur- 
pose of reconciling the differences in the cement specifications of the 
American Society for Testing Materials, the American Society of 
Civil Engineers, and the United States Government. The two primary 
points of difference, were in the methods of determining Normal Con- 
sistency and Time of Setting. 

Comprehensive letters of inquiry have been sent to practically all 
well-known cement testing laboratories in the United States and two 

89 



very elaborate series of tests have been made to establish the facts con- 
cerning the points in contention. All members of the Joint Conference 
have had opportunity of making careful analysis of the results of this 
investigation so that it would seem that there is abundant evidence to 
bring this matter to a final conclusion. 

The Committee at the last meeting presented a digest of this in- 
vestigation which concluded with the following statements : 

"The most significant fact brought out by this investigation is 
the failure of all of these methods to furnish accurate information 
regarding the points in question and the fallacy of considering any 
method as a standard which permits of such extreme variations as 
are shown by these tests, especially when the laboratories selected 
are recognized as the most competent testing laboratories in the 
country. 

It is therefore recommended that immediate steps be taken to 
develop true standard methods for determining normal consistency 
and time of setting." 

This was further brought to the attention of the Conference by a 
motion that it go on record as recognizing this fact. After discussion, 
however, this motion was withdrawn. 

It has long been recognized and accepted that the plasticity of a 
mass of cement is affected not only by the quantity of water present but 
also by the amount of work used in the operation of kneading and 
mixing the mass. This matter has not received the attention it should 
have received, and in order to bring it to the further attention of this 
Conference a few simple tests were made in the laboratory of the Bureau 
of Standards, and they further emphasize the fact that practically all 
the variations found in the series of tests made for the Joint Conference 
could be attributed to this one factor which is not covered properly by 
either specification. 

To show the effect of the variation in kneading, four series of tests 
were conducted in which samples of cement were mixed with the 
normal quantity of water previously determined and in each case the 
manipulation was in accordance with the procedure prescribed by both 
specifications. The differences in the manipulation being that one was 
kneaded as vigorously as possible for the prescribed time and in the 
second case less energy was expended in the kneading of the mass, 
although it was continuously kneaded for the prescribed time. It can 
be repeated that the procedure in each case was in accordance with 
the specifications. The results are as follows : 

Initial Set 
Vicat . Gillmore 
Cement— 2353— 20.8% water- 
Vigorously worked 14 minutes 2 :15 2 :20 

Less vigorously worked IJ minutes :35 :50 

Cement— 2360— 20.8% water- 
Vigorously worked IJ minutes 1 :37 2 :12 

Less vigorously worked li minutes :35 :50 

Cement— 2349— 23% water— 

' Vigorously worked 14 minutes 3 :03 3 :08 

Less vigorously worked 14 minutes 1:23 1 :48 

90 



Cement— 2338— 20.0% water- 
Vigorously worked li minutes 2 :24 2 :29 

Less vigorously worked IJ minutes :10 1:10 

While the results of only a few tests are recorded above, they con- 
firm the universal experience of other investigators that increasing the 
quantity of energy increases the plasticity of the mass and also that the 
increased plasticity obtained by the increased working extraordinarily 
retards the recorded period of setting. It is observed that these differ- 
ences are indicated equally by both methods. In view of these facts it 
seems almost needless to consider the relative accuracy or even uniform- 
ity in these methods of determining Consistency and Time of Setting 
when the fundamental factor affecting the results is not definitely 
controlled. A study of the first series of tests made for the Joint Con- 
ference in which the per cent, of water was not specified but each 
laboratory used the per cent, of water they obtained in their determina- 
tions of normal consistency further substantiates the above statement. 

However, a further analysis has been made of the results of tests 
made for the Joint Conference in which the laboratories commonly 
using the Gillmore method are grouped with respect to the results they 
obtained with the Gillmore method and the laboratories commonly 
using the Yicat method are grouped with respect to their results with 
the Vicat method. (Figs. 13-15.) 

The average of the range of values obtained by this grouping 
shows the Gillmore apparatus to give slightly more consistant results 
than the Yicat apparatus. Other analyses were made showing that the. 
mean variation from the average, when the laboratories were so 
grouped, is practically the same in both the first and second series of 
tests made for the Joint Conference. While the figures show the Yicat 
method to have a slight advantage, the omission of only one result 
obtained by one laboratory would change the balance in favor of the 
Gillmore method, which simnly substantiates the previous statements 
that there is practically no difference in the uniformity of results ob- 
tained by either method, but the important fact is that both methods 
as at present developed give far too great variations to be considered 
as a standard. 

It is therefore believed that the members of this Conference are 
not warranted in recommending a temporary change in either specifi- 
cation without the approval of the Committee they represent. It is 
therefore moved that the Joint Committee prepare a report which shall 
include all data, summation of replies to our letters of inquiry, all 
written arguments and analyses of results advanced by all members 
of the Conference and the minutes of all meetings of the Joint Con- 
ference, and that same be referred to all members of Committee C-1 of 
the American Society for Testing Materials and to all members of the 
Departmental Conference for their consideration with a request that 
they instruct their representatives on the Joint Conference as to the 
method they shall recommend for adoption. 



It was hoped that the results of these tests would be conclusive, but 
no agreement could be reached as to the better method for determining 
the time of setting of cement. 

91 



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sa:^nuTiii[ ui 'atuTX 



93 



Mr. Humphrey proposed a new form of test piece as shown in Part 
II, Fig. 5a, and suggested that further tests be made with it. 

Several hundred of the new form of molds were made and a third 
series of tests inaugurated. The results of these tests are given in 
Table 25 and Fig. 16. 

Mean Variation of the Averages from the Grand Average Time of 

Setting Tests Third Series. 

Prepared by Executive Committee. 



■m 


Cement No. 62 


Cement No. 72 


Cement No. 82 


S 


Initial 


Final 


Initial 1 


Final 


Initial 1 


Final 1 


H 


Vicat 


GiUmore 


"Vioa{ 


Gillioore 


Vloat 


GiUmore | Vit 


at GiUmore 


■ Vicat 


GiUmore | Vicat | GiUmore | 


^120 

d 


Old 


New 


New 


Old 


Old 


New 


New 


Old 


Old Ne 


w JTew 


Old OJd 


New' New 1 Old 


Old 


New 


New 


Old Old 


New New 


Old 






















118 


113 P 


fH 














tu 80 

a 

2 60 

i 

a 20 


















8( 


) 














87 


93 93 


88 
















58 


72 


72 




















45 


44 


52 


53 


-54 


42 


48 






























































1 








1 
















i 


i 


4 

n 


6 

n 







FIG. 16. 



The Conference after long study and most careful consideration 
decided that the two methods for determining time of setting should 
be inserted as alternate paragraphs under "Method for the Determina- 
tion of Time of Setting" in the Specifications, Part II. 

The following arguments are advanced as to the merits of the 
two methods : 

Reasons Advanced by Mr. Davis, of the U. S. Government Committee, 
Messrs. Webster and Humphrey, of the American Society 
of Cwil Engineers' Committee and Messrs. Swain, Hofe; and 
Richardson, of the American Society for Testing Materials' 
Committee for Recommending the Adoption of the Vicat Needle 
AS the Standard for the Determination of Time of Setting. 



[May 10, 1915] 



1. The results of all the comparative tests between the Vicat and 
GiUmore apparatus (See Tables 22, 23 and 25, Figures 11 and 16, 
and Pages 62, 83 and 87) that have been made by the representa- 



94 



[RD Series. 



Q 




1 












Cement No. 82. 






^ 






Tempkbaturb, 


















>> 






Degrees 




Initial. 






Final. 




1 

08 






Fahrenheit. 




















ore. 




Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 






















•J 






j 






















Old. 


Air. 


Water.! Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


1.. 




285 


70 


70 • 70 

i 


3.5 
8.5 


4 
8.5 


4 
8.5 


3 
3 


183 
162 


200 
199 


280 
214 


183 






283 


177 






268 






3 


3.5 


3.5 


8 


169 


206 


211 


179 




279 


Average 


3 


4 


4 


3 


171 


202 


218 


180 


?, 




301 

280 


7414 72 1 


73Ji 


5 
5 


3 
5 


20 
13 


15 

7 


214 

204 


248 
203 


288 
268 


237 










135 






281 








4 


4 


10 


8 


193 


230 


265 


187 




287 


Averaee 


5 


4 


14 


10 


203 


227 


270 


186 


6.. 




104 
98 


72 


70 


71 


3 
3 


4 
4 


8 
6 


8 
6 


75 

78 


75 
73 


130 
141 


140 






141 






91 








3 


5 


8 


8 


88 


83 


133 


183 




98 


AVArftefft 


3 


4 


7 


7 


79 


77 


135 


138 


ft 




303 
302 


72 


71 71 


3 
S 


3 
3 


8 
tj 


7 
7 


4 
3 


5 

4 


289 
280 


310 










287 






306 








3 


3 


6 


7 


4 


4 


263 


280 




304 


Average 


3 


3 


7 


7 


4 


4 


277 


296 


q 




250 
240 


741^ 70 


70^ 


4 
4 


4 
4 


6 
5 


4 
5 


183 
173 


288 
290 


410 

405 


278 






263 






240 






4 


4 


6 


5 


214 


285 


400 


300 




243 


A.v0Ta.ef. 


4 


4 


5 


6 


190 


2S8 


405 


279 


10 




370 
378 


70 


70 


70 


8 
3 


3 

3 


10 
8 


10 

8 


58 
55 


58 
55 


370 
375 


380 






385 






390 








3 


3 


9 


9 


56 


56 


380 


390 




379 


Average 


3 


3 


9 


9 


56 


56 


375 


885 


16 




290 
310 


70 72 


70 


4 
5 


7 
4 


14 
12 


9 
9 


240 
230 


260 
250 


295 

280 


265 






260 






310 






6 


4 


10 


8 


230 


245 


275 


260 




303 


^•v(^ra.erf 


5 


5 


12 


9 


288 


252 


283 


262 


19 




220 
225 


71 


70 


71 


3 

3 


4 
3 


3 
4 


5 
5 


6 
5 


7 
6 


10 
10 


10 






10 






205 

217 








3 


3 


4 


4 


6 


6 


9 


10 




Average . - 


3 


3 


4 


5 


6 


6 


10 


10 


20 




270 

258 


69 68 


70 


3 
2 


3 
3 


3 
3 


3 
3 


14 
15 


20 
16 


45 
37 


50 






48 






260 






3 


2 


2 


3 


21 


17 


45 


55 




263 


Avei*age 


3 


3 


8 


3 


17 


18 


42 


51 


24.. 




402 
390 


70 1 70 


70 


4 
3.5 


4 
4.2 


5 
6.6 


10 
9.5 


120 
122 


88 
94 


168 
169 


180 










177 






397 








3.5 


4.2 


7.2 


9.5 


114 


98 


168 


177 




396 


A.vArae'A 


3.7 


4 


6 


8.7 


119 


93 


167 


178 




Group Ai 
Maxiiuui] 


277 
402 






• • 


4 
6 


4 

7 


7 
20 


7 
15 


108 
240 


122 
290 


218 
410 


196 






390 




91 




2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


9 


10 




Mean vai 
Mazimun 


57 

186 








1 
2 


1 
3 


3 
18 


2 

8 


75 
132 


96 
168 


104 
209 


87 






194 





































u. Eesults of Determination of Time of Setting Tests (in Minutes). 
Prepared by Executive Committee. 



-Third Series. 



== 


Laboratobiks. 








Cement 


No. 62. 











TOE, 

S 

BIT. 




Cement No. 7 


3. 




Temperature, 

Deorsxs 
Fahrenhett. 


Cement No. 83. 


t 


Deqrees 
Fahrenheit. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Temterat 

Ueohee 

Fahrenh 


Initial. 


Final. 


Initial. 1 


Final. 


i 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat 


Gillmore. 


Vicat, 


Oniniore. 


Commercial. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


- 


■ 


70 


70 


69H 


199 
218 
183 


236 
228 
220 


206 
186 
180 


194 
167 
172 


394 
877 
858 


386 
4U6 
3T0 


886 
416 
370 


394 

378 
368 


70 


70 


70 


150 
143 

148 


182 
180 
180 


152 
160 
140 


135 
183 
128 


285 
293 
278 


312 
285 

280 
292 

:I48 
326 
341 


332 
825 
320 
326 

365 
356 
345 


285 
288 
268 


70 


70 


70 


8.5 
8.5 
8 


4 

8.S 

8.6 


4 

8.5 
8.6 


8 
8 
8 


188 
168 
169 
171 

214 
MM 
198 

208" 

75 
78 
88 


800 
199 
806 


280 
814 
811 
818 

288 
2118 
265 

870" 

180 
141 
188 
185 

889 
280 
263 
877 

410 
405 
400 
405 

870 
876 
880 
375 

295 
280 
876 
288 

10 
10 
9 

lo' 

46 
87 
46 









177 
179 








207 
172 
167 


228 
221 
220 


259 
257 
246 


178 
175 
169 


»?5 

426 
897 
402 


387 

412 
42T 
426 


391 

437 
411 

400 


380 

400 
400 
399 
899 

372 
370 
366 


Average . 
70Ji 70 

Average . 
73 72 

Average . 
73 71 

Average . 
75 72 

Average . 
70 70 

Average . 
70 72 

Average . 
72 70 

Average 

70 68 

Average . 

70 70 

Average . 


147 

157 
84 

154 


181 

184 
156 
159 


151 

173 
164 
163 


182 

159 
153 
156 
156 
9 
7 


285 

839 
310 
836 


279 

801 
280 
881 


Average . 
74H 72 

Average . 
72 70 

Average . 
72 71 

Average . 
74H 70 

Average. 

70 70 

Average . 

70 72 

Average . 

71 70 

Avei-age . 

69 68 

Avei-age . 

70 70 

Average . 


8 

5 
6 
4 


4 

8 
5 
4 


4 

20 
18 
10 


8 

16 
7 
8 


202 

24S 
808 
280 
287 

75 
78 
88 


180 
237 

IS.'! 

187 




71 70 1 70J4 


71 


78J4 






Average . 

73 70 






69 


168 
160 
158 


193 
190 
198 


202 
195 
191 


174 

197 
190 
191 


408 

368 
365 
363 


422 

XfiS 

.165 

363 

"365 

823 
228 
22« 


416 

.372 
370 
366 


70 


132 

4 

4 
5 


166 

4 
4 

107 
100 
96 


167 

7 
6 

7 

123 
124 
119 


828 

57 
67 
68 


336 

57 
67 
58 


355 

104 
98 
91 


287 

104 
98 
91 


71 


6 

8 
8 
8 


4 

4 
4 
5 


14 

8 
6 
8 


10 

8 
6 
8 


180 

140 
141 
188 






1 




Average . 
73 73 




188 
180 
201 


ISO 
209 
197 


196 

245 
262 
268 
255 

165 
145 
155 
152' 

225 
226 
238 


192 

252 
260 
259 


365 

238 
221 
230 


369 

429 
434 
432 
432 

360 
350 
346 
352 

4,18 
450 
460 


369 

422 
435 
439 


4 

40 
41 
64 


8 

117 
l:J4 
132 


61 

139 
141 
156 


61 

163 
154 
149 


98 

315 
313 
314 


98 

308 
302 
806 


8 

8 
S 
8 


4 

8 
8 
8 


7 

8 
11 
6 


7 

7 
7 
7 


7» 

4 
8 

4 


77 

5 
4 

4 

4 

288 
890 

285 

" a<8 

68 
55 
50 
58 

260 
260 
246 
282' 

7 
6 
6 
6 

80 
16 
17 
18 

68 
94 
98 






71 


71 


71 








1 


987 
280 




Average . 
74H 70 




189 

140 
138 
140 


199 

150 
145 
160 


267 

135 
138 
140 


230 

350 
850 
850 


225 

350 
345 
345 


432 

350 
350 
850 


48 

60 
55 
50 


101 

75 
65 
75 


122 

80 
65 

75 


127 

75 
70 
60 


145 

250 
240 
240 


155 

285 

230 
220 


314 

240 
235 
250 


304 

230 
240 
MO 
248 

870 
878 
890 


8 

4 
4 
4 
4 

8 
8 
8 


8 

4 

4 
4 


7 

6 
6 
« 


7 

4 
5 
S 


4 

188 
173 
214 
190 

58 
65 
56 
66 

840 
280 
280 
888 

6 
6 
6 






7014 


70H 


70H 


878 








2H8 
800 




Average . 
70 70 




139 

27 
25 
21 


152 

156 
168 
160 


138 

220 
226 
238 


850 

391 
380 
380 
884 

880 
386 
395 


347 

391 
380 
380 


350 

438 
445 
443 


55 

99 
93 
103 


72 

160 
157 
166 


78 

160 
178 
174 


68 

160 
178 
174 


243 

288 
285 
•.i81 


228 

287 
286 
280 


242 

390 
404 
406 


4 

8 
8 
8 


5 

10 
8 
9 


6 

10 
8 
9 


279 




70 


70 


70 


880 








886 
890 




Average . 
70 72 




24 

210 
220 
215 
215 

115 

no 

105 


160 

200 
210 
215 


230 

280 
280 
270 


228 

260 
250 
265 


884 

375 
390 
385 
383 

350 
355 
355 


456 

470 
480 
350 


442 

445 
435 
460 


98 

12 
8 
10 


161 

20 
40 
35 


171 

80 
70 
85 


171 

55 
50 
60 


284 

230 
225 
225 


285 

240 
230 
230 


400 

290 
285 
275 


879 

290 
810 
310 


8 

4 

5 
6 


8 

7 
4 
4 


9 

14 
12 
10 


« 

9 
9 
8 


386 


11 


1 70 


70 


70 


266 








860 




Average . 
72 70 

Average . 




218 

100 
100 
105 


277 

115 

105 
110 


258 

125 
105 
100 


387 

330 
330 
335 


467 

355 
355 
360 


447 

840 
385 
340 


10 

15 
15 
10 
13 

150 
135 
145 
143 

197 

195 
187 


32 

75 
15 
30 


78 

90 
50 
75 


55 

20 
55 
75 


227 

140 
185 
200 


240 

210 
240 
240 
230 

225 
285 
233 


2a3 

825 
210 

aj5 


303 

220 
225 
205 
217 

270 
258 
260 


5 

8 
3 
3 
8 

8 
2 
8 
\ 

4 

8.5 

8.5 


5 

4 
8 
8 


12 

8 
4 

4 


S 
6 
4 




II 


69 


69 


71 


10 
10 
10 
10 

60 
48 
66 
61 






%.. 




110 

166 

175 
170 


102 

180 
194 
195 


110 

180 
180 
175 


110 

195 
175 
185 


832 

808 
805 
315 


353 

800 
300 
305 


358 

310 
310 
308 
309 

480 
430 
480 


838 

360 
364 
360 


71 


40 

155 
160 
150 


125 
125 
180 

127 

150 
150 
140 
147 

112 
178 
6 
48 
106 


143 
135 
140 


285 
230 
230 


220 

2.55 
258 
25(1 
2.12 

405 
395 
890 


70 


8 
3 
2 


8 
8 
2 


8 
8 
8 


14 

16 
21 










Average . 




170 

195 
203 


190 

210 
280 
280 


178 

180 
180 
180 


185 

175 
163 
156 


809 

410 
408 
891 


302 

420 
415 
430 


361 

465 
458 
446 


70 


155 

210 
185 
175 


139 

157 
155 
147 
153 

106 
178 
7 
49 
99 


232 

387 
375 
382 


2:b 

335 
350 
355 


268 

402 
890 
897 


70 


4 

4.2 

4.2 


5 

6.fl 
7.8 


7 
80 

2 

8 
18 


10 
9.B 
S.6 


120 
118 
114 


168 
169 
168 


Ik. 




180 








177 

178 




Average . 


' 


201 

159 
220 
21 
41 
188 


228 

188 
236 
100 
80 
88 


180 

202 
280 
105 
41 
97 


163 

188 
265 
100 
36 

88 


408 

355 
426 
221 
89 
184 


422 

369 
4,30 
223 
42 
136 


480 

398 
480 
308 
42 
90 


455 

898 
465 
335 
38 
67 




193 

84 

197 

4 

58 
112 


190 

110 
210 
4 
60 
106 


381 

236 
387 
57 
60 
178 


347 

241 
3,55 
57 
60 
184 


397 

289 
405 
91 
70 
198 


896 

277 
402 
91 
57 
18S 




4 

6 
2 

1 
2 


4 

7 
2 
1 
8 


7 
15 
8 
8 

8 


108 
240 
8 
76 
182 


188 

290 

4 

96 
168 


218 
410 
9 
104 
209 














196 




8roup Average ' 










Jailmum inSividual value 










ttinimnm lodlvidual value 
























from gi'oup average.. 
















m: 



!..« 



.0- 



. .Vi 



.4S 



mi) 

. ' srinrlC 
.S7 oasH 



1 


re. 








Cement No. 82. 


s 


Temperature, 

Degrees 
Fahrenheit. 


Initial. 


Final. 


s 
S 


Vicat. 


Gillmore, 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


— 


)ld. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New, 


New. 


Old, 


7. 


140 
158 
120 
188 

882 
373 
377 
877 

65 
65 
65 

65 

50 

13 

7 

23 

250 
235 
225 

237 

106 
153 
151 
137 

163 

382 

7 

96 

219 


70 


70 


60 


5 

5 
4 


5 
4 
5 


6 
5 
6 


7 
4 
7 


12 
10 

8 


9 

,1 


21 
24 
23 


24 
17 
23 




A^ 


i^erage 


5 

8 

3.5 
4 


5 

4.5 

4 

4 


6 

4.5 
4.5 

4 


6 

3 
4 
5 


10 

191 
191 
185 


10 

177 
173 
165 


23 

177 
174 
168 


21 

197 
188 
181 


14. 


70 

A^ 
75 


70 70 


as. 


rerage . . 
70 


70 


3.5 

6 
6 
6 


4.2 

6 
6 
6 


4.3 

10 
10 
10 


4 

12 
12 
12 


189 

60 
60 

60 


172 

75 
75 
75 


172 

85 
85 
85 


189 

90 
90 
00 




A\ 


i'erage 


6 

6 
5 
5 


6 

4 
4 
4 


10 

4 

4 
4 


12 

5 
5 
5 


60 

229 
169 
190 


75 

158 
88 
95 


85 

158 
145 
107 


90 

159 
163 

157 


34.. 


71 


72 


71 




A\ 


rerage 


5 

8 
8 
8 


4 

5 
5 

5 


4 

5 
5 

5 


5 

20 
20 
20 


196 

265 
280 
300 


114 

290 
310 
305 


137 

355 
380 
410 


160 


35.. 


73 


70 


78 


345 
360 
360 




A^ 


rerage 


8 

5 
4 
4 


5 

5 
5 
6 


5 

6 
6 
6 


20 

6 

7 
7 


282 

306 
315 
283 


302 

274 
297 
264 


382 

855 
346 
a'il 


855 


39.. 


77 


70 


77 


298 
819 
338 




At 


rerage 


4 

6 
8 
3 
1 
2 


5 

5 
6 
4 
1 
1 


6 

6 
10 
4 
1 
4 


7 

9 

20 

3 

5 

11 


301 

173 

815 

8 

92 

165 


278 

158 

310 

9 

98 

152 


351 

192 
410 
21 
117 
218 


318 






189 






860 






17 






99 






172 








3.. 


195 

180 
ISO 

185 

374 
J76 
iOO 

383 

B54 
857 
358 

355 

7 
5 
5 

6 

110 
135 
132 

126 


70 


70 


69 


* 

1 

* 


1.5 

* 

2 


1 
2 
2 


2 
2 
3 


9 

6 

7 


8 

7 

10 


50 
22 

88 


45 
85 
40 




A^ 

72 

A\ 

72 

A^ 
71 

Ay 

69 


s'erage 


1 

3 

4 
4 


1 

5 
5 

4 


2 

82 

48 
52 


2 

29 
80 
31 


7 

275 
299 
321 


8 

315 
820 
322 


37 

863 
360 
370 


40 


4.. 


73 


70 


375 
382 
887 




?^erage 


4 

"s 

3 


5 

3 
3 

4 


44 

""5 
5 


30 

37 
26 
38 


298 

232 
224 
222 


319 

174 
175 
171 


364 

232 
232 
223 


381 


12.. 


70 70 
i^erage 


294 
291 

284 




3 

4 
4 
4 


3 

4 
3 
4 


5 

7 
6 
6 


32 

8 
9 
7 


226 

14 
12 
12 


178 

8 
7 
8 


229 

98 

102 

85 


290 


13.. 


70 69 
rerage 


111 
118 
115 




4 

3.5 
8.5 
3.8 


4 

3.5 

2.8 
3.8 


6 

4 
4.5 
5.0 


8 

7 
7.5 
5.5 


18 

134 
173 
101 


8 

118 
158 
150 


95 

224 
218 
225 


115 


15.. 


70 65 

i 


259 
283 
254 




Average 


3 


3 


4 


7 


136 


142 


222 


265 





































TABLE 


25— (ConMnuerf). 








































Laboratories. 


Temperature, 

Dbobees 
Fahrenheit. 






Cement 


No. 02. 






Tempbrathrb, 

Deorebs 
Fahrenheit. 


Cement No. 72. 




JRK, 

bit. 


CUfUTT 


Na 89 






7. 




Initial. 




Final. 


Initial. 




Final. 




Tkupkbat 
^Dbqhek 
Fabrenh 


Init 






e 


a.. 1 




Fina 


1. 


(d 


Vic 


at. 


Oillm 


ore. 
Old. 


Vicat. 


GiUmore. 


Vicat. 


GiUmore. 


Vic 




lore. 


Via 


1 




\ 


at. 


Gilln 






It. 


Oillmore. | 


Vloat. 1 


Qiilmore. 


Private. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 

140 
153 
120 
138 

382 
378 
877 


Air. 

70 


Water. 

70 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


1.. 




69 70 


62 


145 

no 

94 


138 
132 
120 


129 
125 
120 


160 
119 

no 

126 

76 
79 
79 


262 
267 
245 


313 
301 
292 


323 
317 
315 


337 
••<33 
326 


70 


70 


60 


8 
14 
11 


6 
6 
6 


7 
5 
7 


8 
18 
15 


105 
113 

85 


96 
114 
129 


119 
184 
129 


60 


5 
6 
4 


6 
4 
6 


6 
6 
6 


7 
4 

T 


19 
10 
8 


9 
» 


91 
M 


94 
IT 




73 78 

Average . 
75 70 

Average . 

71 72 

Average . 
81 70 

Average . 

77 70 

Average . 


78 


79 
81 


62 
60 
60 


61 
61 
60 


384 
375 
877 


884 
384 
380 


394 

887 
B87 


381 
379 

876 


Average . 

70 68 

Average . 
74 70 

Average . 

71 72 

Average . 


69 


185 
186 
175 


6 

151 
1T2 
163 


6 

129 
128 
121 


12 

184 
182 
177 


101 

377 
874 
878 


113 

367 
368 
361 


127 

373 
869 
866 


Average . 

70 TO 

Average . 
75 TO 

Average . 

71 72 

Average . 
73 70 

Average . 

77 TO 


70 


6 

3 

8.6 

4 


6 

4.5 

4 

4 


6 

4.5 
4.6 
4 


6 

3 
4 


10 

191 
191 
185 


10 

177 
178 
169 
172 

75 
76 
76 
76 

158 
88 
96 

114 

990 
810 
81* 


98 

ir? 

174 
168 
172 

86 
86 
86 
86 

168 
146 
107 

m 

366 
8811 
410 


91 






19T 
188 




71 


165 
165 
175 


ISO 
158 
160 


170 
170 
170 


78 

176 
180 
180 


379 

260 
260 
280 


383 

300 
300 
305 


890 

300 
300 
300 


379 

815 
820 
320 


70 


182 

3 
3 
3 


162 

8 
8 
8 


126 

6 
5 
5 


181 

8 
8 
8 


376 

9 
9 
9 


385 

10 
10 
10 


369 

70 
70 
70 


877 

65 
65 
66 


TO 


3.5 

6 
6 
6 


4.2 

6 
6 
6 


4.3 

10 
10 
10 
10 

4 
4 
4 


4 

19 
12 
19 


180 

60 
60 

6t) 


189 






90 
90 
90 




71 


144 
154 

147 


122 
183 
102 


186 
123 

112 


179 

97 
93 
106 


267 

366 
352 
373 


802 

288 
800 
314 


300 

328 
840 
301 


318 

255 
314 
802 


72 


8 

7 
4 
3 


8 

4 
8 
8 


5 

8 
8 
8 


8 

7 
4 
4 


9 

49 
11 
7 


10 

6 
6 
6 


70 

6 
6 
6 
(i 

295 
231 
255 


65 

50 
18 
7 


71 


6 

6 
6 
6 


6 

4 
4 

4 


19 

6 
6 
& 


60 

889 
109 
ISO 


90 






163 
157 




73 


95 
70 
75 


145 
140 
150 


120 

140 
125 
150 


98 

95 
75 
80 


363 

280 
250 
250 


301 

300 
800 
290 


82T 

830 
805 
315 


290 

280 
260 
250 




5 

65 
60 
90 


3 

125 

87 
95 


8 

126 
87 
95 


5 

90 
60 
90 


28 

245 
225 
225 


6 

280 
220 
215 


23 

860 
236 
285 


78 


6 

8 
8 
8 


4 

6 
6 
5 


4 

6 
5 

5 


5 

90 
80 
90 


196 

866 
280 
300 
289" 

806 
815 
983 


160 

8i6 
860 
860 










82 

48 
54 
59 


145 

127 
121 
136 


138 

191 

187 
186 


83 

124 
119 

86 


260 

.S78 
392 
879 


297 

370 
367 
357 


317 

397 
370 
369 


260 

898 
379 
862 


Average . 




72 

5 
3 
S 


102 

5 
6 
6 


102 

6 
6 
6 


80 

7 
6 
5 


232 

91 
118 
106 


238 

96 
107 
76 


260 

141 
157 
153 
150 

164 
373 
6 
101 
2(1!) 


237 

106 
158 
161 


8 

6 
4 
4 


6 

5 
6 
6 


6 

6 
6 
6 


90 

6 
7 
7 


309 

974 
297 
964 


382 

866 
346 
851 
861 

192 
410 
91 
117 
918 






74 




77 










819 
888 




54 

108 
175 
48 
S6 
67 


128 

123 
160 
60 
23 
63 


188 

184 
191 
60 
82 
74 


110 

112 
180 
75 
27 
68 


883 

818 
892 
245 
57 
74 


361 

324 
384 
288 
31 
60 


379 

388 
897 
800 
31 
59 


380 

327 
398 
250 
87 
77 


AvAracTA 




4 

46 

186 

8 

54 
140 


5 

47 

172 

3 

57 
125 


6 

41 

129 
3 
48 
88 


6 

49 

184 

4 

65 
185 


105 

141 
878 
7 
109 
287 


93 

138 
368 
6 
108 
230 


187 

163 
882 
7 
96 
219 


4 

6 
8 
8 

1 
8 


6 

6 
« 
4 

1 
1 


6 

6 
10 
4 
1 
4 


7 

9 
90 
8 
6 
11 


801 

173 
816 
8 
92 
165 


278 

168 
810 
9 
98 
159 


818 


















189 












860 












17 




Mean variation of averages from group averag 


- 










99 




- 


erage.. 
















1 '"' 










8 


MumoiPAL. State and Federal. 


72 69 

Average . 
76 79 

Average . 
71 70 

Average . 

70 70 

Average . 

71 69 

Average . 


69 


210 
180 
180 


195 
195 

ISO 


75 
90 
90 


75 
75 
76 


330 
330 
315 


880 
880 
815 


285 
300 
315 


210 
180 
210 


75 69 1 70 


195 
165 
150 


150 
180 
180 


105 
105 
120 


105 
105 
105 


270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
285 


226 
225 
210 


196 
180 
160 
165 

874 
376 
406 


TO 70 

Average 
79 78 

Average 
72 70 

Average 
71 70 

Average 
69 70 

Average 


69 


1 


1.5 


1 
8 
2 


8 
8 
3 


9 
6 
7 


8 
7 
10 


60 
98 
88 


45 
86 
40 






Average . 
73 70 

Average . 
71 70 


1 


4 


77 


190 

107 
108 
104 


190 

138 
140 
131 


85 

180 
183 
179 


75 

178 
167 
156 


825 

384 
396 
878 


825 

891 
392 
889 
391 

411 

405 
396 


300 

899 
415 
409 


200 

892 
394 
393 


70 


170 

148 
151 
149 


170 

169 
184 
212 


110 

217 
233 
280 


106 

212 
281 
982 


270 

851 
356 
849 


275 

349 
369 
360 


220 

385 
886 
345 
372 

887 
384 
828 


70 


8 
4 
4 




88 
48 
68 


99 
80 
81 


276 
999 
881 


816 
880 
829 


868 
860 
BTO 


876 






887 


\i.. 


69 


106 

182 
181 
132 


136 

160 
156 
144 
163 

57 
56 
64 


180 

211 

207 
203 


165 

202 
208 
216 


386 

434 
488 
431 


407 

420 
415 
404 


393 

440 
439 
437 


1 70 


149 

124 
147 
120 


188 

155 
181 
184 
150 

4 
3 
8 


226 

166 
181 
164 


225 

178 
183 
178 
180 

4 
3 

4 
4 

251 
225 
228 
288 


852 

840 
854 
347 


356 

837 
334 
828 


383 

354 

863 
365 

7 
5 
5 
6 

410 
485 
438 
486 


70 


■'8 
8 




"6 
6 


87 
86 
88 


889 
884 
228 


174 
175 
171 


889 
888 
928 


994 
991 






1 


284 




Average . 
71 70 




8 

4 
4 
4 




6 

7 
6 
6 


89 

8 
9 
7 


826 

14 
19 
19 
18 

184 
178 
101 


178 

8 
7 
8 


289 

96 
108 
85 




la., 


69 


182 

60 
58 
72 


207 

56 
59 
60 


209 

58 
70 
62 


434 

205 
210 
205 


404 

210 
205 
200 


413 

210 
200 
200 


439 

215 
210 

220 


1 69 


180 

8 
3 
3 


4 
4 
4 


8 
9 

8 


8 
8 
6 

7 

879 
876 
873 
376 


8 
7 
6 


1 09 


111 
118 






1 






Average . 

71 70 


1 


4 

8.5 
8.6 
8.8 


4 

8.5 
8.8 
8.8 


6 

4 

4.B 
6.0 


8 

7 
7.B 
5.6 


8 

118 
168 
150 


96 

824 
818 
886 
829 


116 


IS.. 


69 


68 

230 
180 
168 
193 


69 

185 
174 
177 
179 


58 

267 
225 
268 
250. 


63 

197 
243 
299 
280 


207 

465 
448 
448 
449 


205 

485 
489 
425 
433 


203 

445 
436 
505 
462 


216 

545 
538 
665 
649 


1 70 


196 
196 
172 

188 


220 
203 
216 
218 


228 
198 
229 
218 


375 
387 
369 
877 


428 
395 
406 
410 


66 


959 
288 
954 






Average 




8 


8 


4 


7 


186 


148 


966 






























• Flash Set. 









































. .N 



d 
>> 

1 










Cement No. 82. 




Temperature, 

Degrees 
Fahrenheit. 


Initial. 


Final. 


llmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


J — 


«r. Old. 


Air. 


Water. 


Closet. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


Old. 


New. 


New. 


Old. 


18.. .. 


i 29-3 

as3 

5 340 


75 


69 69 

1 


Less 
than 
five 
minu 

4.5 
5 
4 


tes 

5 

4.5 

4 


19 
17 
14 


14 

24 

40 


121 
114 
120 


187 
211 
236 


309 
345 
326 


326 
367 
361 


23.. .. 


5 322 

fT 85 
5 114 
2 107 


73 i 71 71 

1 


17 

4.5 

5.0 

4 


26 

5.5 

5.5 

4 


118 

11 
21 

15 


311 

19 
19 
18 


327 

42 
66 
51 


351 

52 
41 
22 




8 102 

j5 306 
3 297 

9 298 


A\ 

71 

A\ 

78 


'erage 


4 

2 
2 
2 


4 

2 
2 
2 


4 

4 
4 
5 


5 

5 
5 
5 


16 

339 
338 
324 


19 

310 
301 
304 


58 

811 

303 
303 


88 


32.. .. 


70 69 

1 
rgrage 


317 
313 

314 




3 300 

D 40 
40 
35 

7 38 

& 235 
a 435 
i6 5 
«1 124 
i6 237 


2 

5 
3 

6 


2 

7 
7 
7 


4 

8 
7 
5 


5 

20 
20 
25 


334 
210 
225 


305 

190 
210 
220 


305 

195 
215 

215 


315 


38.. .. 


77 77 

1 


~'10 
215 
230 




Avpraffft . . 




5 

3 

6 

1 
1 
3 


r* 

3 

7 
1 
1 
4 


7 

10 
52 

1 

9 

42 


32 

15 

40 
2 

11 
25 


220 

1.52 

339 

6 

lOK 
187 


207 

155 
322 

7 

98 

167 


208 

204 

.370 

22 

96 

182 


218 


G 
M. 
M 
M 








224 




387 




22 




108 


M 




202 






11.. .. 


1 

8 500 

9 493 
1 1 492 


65 


63 61 


4 
2 
3 


5 
3 
4 


6 
3 

4 


7 
H 
4 


227 
219 
211 


308 
226 

222 


247 
244 
242 


239 
246 
243 




5 1 495 

6 100 
4 83 
8 118 


Avp.rftffft . 




3 

4 
4 
4 


4 

4 
4 
4 


4 

7 
7 
6 


5 

8 
7 
8 


219 

111 

107 
98 


219 

92 
115 
127 


244 

315 
305 
315 


343 


25.. . 


71 72 


71 


320 
313 
303 




^ 100 

1 381 
6 274 
5 264 


A.-of^Ta.{rf>: . 




4 

3 
4 
3 


4 

4 
4 
4 


7 

6 
5 
6 


7 

5 
6 
6 


105 

42 
85 
59 


111 

39 
42 
46 


312 

242 
237 
246 


313 


27.. . 


72 


70 


;2 


226 
210 
209 




t 273 

•1 

.0 110 

1 110 

2 290 


Avpracrp . 




3 

5 
4 
5 


4 

4 
5 
5 


6 
Ma 

4 
5 
5 


6 
rked ( 

7 
5 
6 


45 


42 


242 

173 
164 
156 


215 


28.. . 
29.. . 


72 






Juick Set. 




73 


72 




75 


171 
161 
149 


182 
172 
160 


147 
137 
130 




8 170 

.3 372 
4 364 
6 383 


J^v(\rsi.frfi . 




5 

3 
4 
5 


5 

4 

4 

4 


5 

6 
4 

8 


6 

12 

10 

6 


160 

20 
29 
59 


171 

29 
25 
48 


164 

213 
170 

205 


138 


30.. . 


63 


69 


66 


350 
194 

234 




8 373 

.4 5 
i 4 
4 4 


Avprae'ft . 




4 

2 
2 
2 


4 

3 
3 
3 


6 

3 
3 
3 


9 

4 
3 
3 


36 

96 
94 
93 


34 

113 
142 
147 


196 

169 
170 
173 

171 

222 

315 

1.% 

45 

83 

310 

410 

99 

93 

300 


223 


31.. . 


71 1 71 


67 


161 
125 
120 




4 4 

J6 236 
18 500 
Ai 4 
H8 145 
aO 264 

5 234 

3 500 

4 4 
7 115 
3 366 






2 

4 
5 
2 
1 
2 

4 

8 
1 
1 
4 


3 

4 
5 
3 

1 

4 

7 
1 
1 
3 


3 

5 

8 
3 
1 
3 

7 

52 

1 

4 

45 


3 

6 
12 
3 
1 
6 

10 

40 

2 

6 

30 


94 

110 

227 

20 

53 

117 

134 

339 

88 

87 
205 


134 

119 

226 

26 

56 
107 

138 

322 

94 

93 

184 


135 


( 








211 


J 




320 


Tl 




120 


J 




49 


T 




109 






206 






390 






10 






88 






184 



































Group average 

Maximum individual value 

Minimum individual value 

Mean variation of averages from group average 

Maximum variation of individual values from group average.. 



Laboratories. 



MuNioiPAi., State and Fedbrai.— 
(Continued). 



TABLE 25— (Concluded). 



Temperature, 

Deorees 
Fahrenheit. 



Average 

I TO I 71 



Average . 



Cement No. 67. 




Temperatdbe, 

Degrees 
Fahrenheit. 



Air. Water. Closet 



71 



Average 

1 I 70 I 7.S 

Average 

I 70 I 69 

Average 

I I 77 I 77 

Average 



Vieat. Giillmore. 



Virat. Uillmore. 



Teicfesatdre, 

Degkebs 
Fahrenheit. 



Air. Water. Closet. 



75 09 69 



73 i 71 I 71 

I I 
Average 

71 1 70 I 69 
Average 

78 I rr I 77 

Average 



Vicat. Glllmore. 



Less 
than 
five 
minutes 



Vloat. Qlllmore. 



Old. New. New. Old 



311 


m 


19 


48 


19 


68 


18 


61 


19 


58 


SKI 


811 


HOI 


308 


801 


808 


a05 


8U5 


190 


196 


Silll 


816 


W 


ai6 


SOT 


«(I8 


IM 


am 


Kias 


3711 


7 


aa 


m 


96 


167 


Ilia 


aw 


ai7 


awl 


S44 


ana 


aia 


SlU 


iU 


99 


816 


115 


806 


W 


816 


111 


81 a 


89 


a4a 


42 


887 


46 


846 


4a 


848 






Average 

I 70 i 69 
Average 

i 1 73 I 75 



Average . 
70 I 68 



droup average 

Maximum individual value '...'. 

Minimum Individual value. . . 

Mean variation of averages from group average 

maximum variation of individual values from group average.. 

Grand average 

Brand maximum individual value. '..'.'.'.'..'... 

^rand minimum individual value. 



Mean variation of averages from grand average 

Maximum variation of individual values from grand ( 



64 I 63 I 61 

Average 

74 I 72 I 72 

Average 

72 I 70 I 71 

age 

7a I 71 i 

73 I 74 I 75 




Marked Quick Set. 



Average 

I 72 I 71 

Average 

I I 70 I 78 

Average 

I ; I 

I I 72 I 75 

Average 

I I 69 I 66 

Average 

I 71 I 07 

Average 



Marked Quick Set. 



4 


4 


7 


171 


m 


178 


6 


5 


6 


till 


178 


164 


6 


B 


6 


149 


100 


166 


6 


S 


6 


160 


171 


164 


4 


6 


ta 


SO 


89 


818 


4 


4 


in 


89 


86 


170 


4 


8 


6 


59 
"86 


IK 


805 
199 


4 


6 





84 


8 


8 


4 


96 


118 


169 




8 


8 


94 


148 


170 


8 


8 


8 


98 


147 


178 


8 


8 


8 


9> 


181 


171 




6 


R 


110 


119 


■m 




R 


18 


aar 


886 


815 




8 


8 


80 


86 


156 






1 


58 


56 


46 


1 


8 


6 


117 


1U7 


88 




7 


10 


184 


188 


810 




68 


40 


889 


888 


410 






a 


H« 


94 


99 






6 


W 


98 


93 


8 


46 


80 


8U6 


184 





live testing laboratories from all over the country show that the Vieat 
method for the determination of Time of Setting has the least mean 
variation from the average, and is therefore the most consistent 
and concordant method. Any other conclusion must be based on 
selected tests and would, therefore, be improper and illogical. 

2. Since the Conference has already, by unanimous vote, adopted 
the Yicat apparatus for the determination of Normal Consistency, 
it would seem logical in view of the fact that the Yicat apparatus is 
also the most concordant in the determination of Time of Setting, 
that this apparatus should be adopted for both determinations, thus 
avoiding two instruments in making the determination of Time of 
Setting which would be the case if the Gillmore apparatus was adopted ; 
that is, it is necessary to determine the Time of Setting on pastes 
of iSTormal Consistency, and it is desirable to use the same apparatus 
for the determination of Normal Consistency as is used for the 
determination of Time of Setting. 

3. Attention is called to the studies made by the late Alfred Noble 
(Tables 13 and 14) from which it may be seen that in each of the 
six groups of laboratories, the majority state that the Vicat apparatus 
is more accurate than the Gillmore apparatus. A majority of these 
laboratories grouped as non-commercial, recommend the Vicat appa- 
ratus for standard, while the majority of those grouped as commercial 
laboratories, recommend the Gillmore apparatus on the ground of 
convenience. 

4. The principal objection by those who do not favor the Vicat 
apparatus for the determination of Time of Setting is that the Gill- 
more apparatus is more simple in application in that the test piece 
can be used for Soundness, as well as Time of Setting, thus avoiding 
the use of two test pieces. 

In order to meet this objection, the test piece illustrated in Figure 
5b, Part II, has been proposed, and the tests given in Table 25 show that 
the determination of Time of Setting with this test piece and the Vicat 
apparatus, gives more concordant results than the determination with 
the Gillmore needles using the pat. 

In regard to the method of molding, it may be stated that the new 
form, of test piece can be molded in less than one-third of the time 
that it takes to mold a Gilhnore pat, and is therefore simpler in appli- 
cation than the Gillmore method; the new form of test piece having- 
the following advantages : 

(a) Uniformity in size of test piece. t 

(6) Uniformity in work of molding test piece, thus eliminating 

personal equation, 
(c) Adapted for the determination of Normal Consistency, Time 

of Setting, and Soundness. 

95 



(d) A uniform and homogeneous ; test piece, molded under uni- 
form conditions, and requiring very little more material than 
the ordinary Gillmore pat, makes this test piece the simplest 
and easiest of manipulation. 

5. The Vicat method for the determination of Time of Initial Set 
deals with the setting of the masS; and not of the surface, as in the 
case of the Gillmore needles. We are of the opinion that the Initial 
Set is of far greater importance than the final set, and that the Vicat 
method penetrating into the mass of the cement is less influenced by 
the drying out of the surface, troweling and other causes than in the 
case of the surface determination by the Gillmore method. 

6. The objections to the Gillmore method are — 

(a) That it requires two needles in place of one. 

(h) It is uncertain in its application as ordinarily used. 

(c) The form of test piece is very poor, lacking uniformity as to 
size, and being affected measurably by troweling and atmos- 
pheric conditions, and further 

(d) The determination is made on the surface of the cement, and 
not on the mass, and is not therefore a true indication of 
setting. 

7. The claim that the Vicat needle is less simple than the Gillmore 
needles, is not borne out by fact, since the Government recommenda- 
tion requires that the "Gillmore needles shall be guided in a frame, and 
as thus constructed, the Gillmore needles have no advantage in sim- 
plicity over the Vicat needle which possesses the distinct advantage in 
the determination of Initial Set in that it is a matter of reading a 
scale, and not a matter of judgment. 

8. The Gillmore needles were originally proposed by a Committee 
of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1885, and they were 
called "Gillmore wires" as a courtesy to its Chairman, General Gill- 
more, although they had not been proposed by him, but had been sug- 
gested by others, as is stated in the report of the Committee on Uni- 
form Methods of Tests of Cement of that Society, presented January 
17, 1912. This Gillmore method was in use in this country, therefore, 
from 1885 until 1903, when another Committee of the American 
Society of Civil Engineers, after comparative tests of the two methods, 
decided to recommend the Vicat method because of its greater accuracy. 

9. The Vicat apparatus has been adopted by practically all the 
"countries of Europe, and is the standard of the International Associa- 
tion for Testing Materials. It would, therefore, seem wise, in view 
of the fact that this apparatus with the new form of test piece pos- 
sesses all the simplicity of the Gillmore apparatus, besides being more 
concordant, that it should be adopted as a standard for this country. 

"96 



10. The Vicat apparatus has been adopted as a standard by every 
society in this country concerned with cement tests, and the only advo- 
cate of the Gillmore apparatus is the United States Government. In 
view of the fact that the Vicat apparatus is simpler in its application 
and more accurate, we are unable to see how these societies can accept 
the Gillmore apparatus without taking a decided step backward in the 
standard practice in the method for the determination of Time of 
Setting of cement. 



Recommendations of the United States Government Committee 
(Mr. Davis dissenting) for Method of Determination of Time of 
Setting based on the investigations conducted by the Joint 
Conference to ascertain the relative values of the Gillmore 
and Vicat Methods. [May 10, 1915.] 



In reaching a conclusion from the results obtained in the investi- 
gations of the methods of determining *time of setting the following 
facts were considered. 

1. The relative concordance of the results obtained by the two 
methods. 

2. The relative simplicity and convenience of the two methods. 

3. The extent to which each method is now used. 

4. The recommendations of cement testing laboratories having 
experience w^ith both methods. 

1. The Relative Concordance of the Results of Time of Setting 
Tests Obtained With the Gillmore and Vicat Methods. 

A final study of all the results of the special tests made for the 
Joint Conference by various laboratories throughout the country shows 
hy correct analyses, i. e., on the basis of percentage variation of re- 
sults from the average, that there is no appreciable difference in the 
concordance of the results obtained by either the Gillmore or Vicat 
Methods. 

Heretofore the Joint Conference has analyzed the results based on 
a direct comparison of Jthe mean va-riation in time from the average. 
This basis of comparison is not tenable as it fails to consider that 
the absolute values obtained by the two methods are fundamentally 
different and therefore a true comparison of results can be based only 
on the percentage variation from the average. 

For example, referring to Table 25 „ cement No. 82, the grand 
average of all results for the final set by the Vicat Method (old test 
piece) is 134 minutes, by the Gillmore Method (old test, piece) 206 

97 



minutes, and the mean variation from the averagers Vicat 87 minutes, 
and Gillmore 88 minutes. Comparing these mean time variations as 
has heretofore been done by the Conference, it would appear that the 
two methods, give apparently equally accurate and consistent results, 
while actually the results are: . 

Vicat -X-—- = 65 per cent, variation. 
134 

SS 
Gillmore = 43 per cent, variation. 

zOo 

Including all the results given consideration by the Conference, 
i. e., those of Series 2 and 3, the percentage mean variations from the 
averages as shown on Table 26 and Figure 17 are as follows: 



o 



Vicat (with old test piece) 42.4% 

Gillmore (with old test piece) 41.9% 

Vicat (with new^ test piece) '. .41.6% 

Gillmore (with new test piece) 41.6% 

Thus it is evident that the lack of concordance of results is prac- 
tically the same for both methods, either with the old or common form 
of test piece, or with the suggested new form of test piece, and in 
either case must be considered absurdly great for a method characterized 
as accurate. 

A further and more detailed comparison of the two methods includ- 
ing the variation involved by the introduction of the proposed new 
form of test piece has been made. This study comprises a complete 
analysis of the third series of tests made by grouping the results ob- 
tained with the Vicat Method by laboratories commonly using the 
Vicat Method, and the results obtained with the Gillmore Method by 
laboratories commonly using the Gillmore Method. This grouping 
should eliminate the personal equation due to possible lack of famil- 
iarity with the method. The results are diagrammatically given in 
Figures 18 and 19 and show that greater concordance is obtained 
with the Gillmore (both old and suggested new test piece) than with 
the Vicat, excepting on the cement having a flash set (No. 82) where 
one minute variation is equivalent to 25 per cent, and the differences 
while apparently large on a percentage basis are '.actually, small and 
immaterial. It is important that the method adopted should have the 
greatest concordance at or near the limiting values fixed by the spe- 
cifications, which are 60 and 480 minutes respectively for the tiane of 
initial and final set. ^ iiv/i')'-*! 

Thus far we have considered only the mean values for the difr 
f erent groups of laboratories. The range of values obtained with feach 
method by each laboratory testing identical samples of the satne cement 
has been given careful consideration as indicating the reproductabilily 

98 ■ ■ 



Setting Tests. 

imge. 

ittee. 



'bird Series of Tests. 



Cemeot 72. 


Cement 82. 


I'^l. 


Final. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Com 46 
Privll2 
Gov<66 
Uni^lO 

All 
Lab<79 

1 ■ 


38 
117 

63 
123 

77 


29 

77 
54 
78 

57 


25 
78 
50 
72 

54 


21 
59 
53 
61 

49 


24 

62 
52 
55 

50 


25 
17 
33 

25 

25 


25 
20 
33 
16 

25 


29 

56 

n 

20 
60 


43 

17 
90 
17 

57 


69 
53 

70 

48 

65 


79 
58 
63 

47 

67 


44 
52 
48 
23 

43 


48 
61 
47 
20 

44 



TABLE 26. — Summation of Results of Time of Setting Tests. 
Mean Percentage Variation from the Average. 
Presented by the U. S. Government Committee. 





Sboomd Sebibs of Tests. 


Third Sebiks of Tests. 




Cement 61. 


Cement 71. 


Cement 81. 


Cement 62. 


Cement 72. 


Cement 82. 


Laboratories. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Initial. 


Final. 


Initial. 


Final. 




i 


£ 
1 

5 


.J 
> 


£ 

1 

5 


g 


i 

s 

a 


> 1 


i 
> 


£ 

1 


i 

> 


i 

5 


Vlcat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Gillmore. 


Vicat. 


Oillraore. 




Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Old. 


New. 


Commercial 


43 
25 
40 
36 

W 


40 
17 
29 
bl 

83 


110 

111 
90 
101 

109 


104 
109 
50 
106 

90 


17 
41 
18 
26 

24 


23 
57 
16 
34 

30 


10 1 11 
18 1 14 

11 1 10 
11 1 16 

13 1 16 


24 
47 
19 
25 

27 


29 
54 
24 
86 

84 


9 
14 
16 
12 

14 


10 
12 
17 
16 

16 


26 
33 
81 
34 

83 


16 
18 
82 
38 

28 


19 
24 
37 
85 

3S 


20 
24 
37 
37 

31 


11 
18 
21 
9 

15 


12 
10 
17 
9 

12 


10 
U 
26 
10 

13 


11 
9 

21 
9 

13 


68 
117 

66 
125 

89 


55 
121 

76 

m 

86 


46 
112 

66 
110 

79 


38 
117 

63 
123 

77 


29 
77 
64 
78 

57 


26 

78 
50 
72 

64 


21 
59 
53 
61 

49 


24 

62 
52 
56 

60 


26 
17 
83 
25 

26 


26 
20 
88 
16 

26 


29 
66 
78 
20 

60 


48 
17 
90 
17 

87 


69 
68 
70 
48 

66 


79 
68 
63 
47 

87 


44 

62 
48 
23 

48 


48 


GoTernment 

University 

All 
Laboratories 


4? 
20 

44 









UJ 


ri: 


u. 






T 


UJ 


U 






»- 


U. 


UJ 


q: 


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T 


z 


S 


O 
u. 


UJ 


O 


O 
O 


1- 


en 

< 


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I 


UJ 

X 


o 


< 


u. 


1— 


< 
cr 


00 


o 


O 


> 


III 


LU 


m 


(T) 




> 


(T 


< 


h- 


o 


< 
O 


< 

1- 
Z 
UJ 


-J 

_j 
_j 
< 


UJ 

h- 
1- 


UJ 

(/) 

> 
_J 


IX 

z 


u 

UJ 


a: 
O 
u. 


z 

Ul 

2 


< 
z 
< 


u 






UJ 


UJ 


K- 


< 


Q 


O 


a: 


< 


•?' 


O 


1 


UJ 


K 


o 


I 


_) 


^ 


< 




l- 


< 




> 


C5 


UJ 

5 


d: 


H 


r 


z 


O 


_l . 


< 


h- 


T 


u. 


3 UJ 


UJ 


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V) 


UJ 


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CC liJ 



cc < < 





aSBjaAY xnoaj uoi^buba sSBi^uaoaaj; nvdii 



99 



- DIAGRAM OF PERCENTAGE CF MEANT VARFATION FROM AVERAGE 

OF RESULTS OF 3D SERIES OF TIME OF SETTING TESTS 

SHOWING RESULTS WITH VICAT APPARATUS BY LABORATORIES USING VICAT APPARATUS 

AND RESULTS WITH GILLMORE APPARATUS BY LABORATORIES USING GILLMORE APPARATUS 

PRESENTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE 



Cement No. 62 



50 



Q.l 




s 




Q .a 








o g 




S 








J 






UJ •§ -g 

<12 




tig 

ill 

-1 5*5 




S § 

1 a. 2 

•-^^ 

< J g 




en *iH 

O g^o 

St' 9. 




»4 

< as 

o3o 




5oa 




8li 

UJ.3 -g 
tig 

O a 2; 






=** 




J o — 




> 1..^ 




-■^ 




>o- 




-J t>.'^ 




-aS. 


"^ 








o^" 




m 




CjM 




.S" 




o« 




(S- 



25 



0) 

CS 

o 

o 20 

(it 

15 

10 

5 


Gillmore 



































1 




W///A 
















WA 










w///^ 






>w 






s 












W////A 








//////// 






/^^^^^^ 










» 




^^ 








W/M 








f/M 












































f///A 








f///A 






















H 


W////, 








WM 








v^w^ ^^^ 










^^^ 




« 






1 




1 




1 








1 




1 




1 









1 Initial Set 



I Final Set 

Fig. 18. 



'm777A Vicat 



DIAGRAM OF PERCENTAGE OF MEAN VARIATION FROM AVERAGE 

OF RESULTS OF 3D SERIES OF TIME OF SETTING TESTS 

SHOWING RESULTS WITH VICAT APPARATUS BY LABORATORIES USING VICAT APPARATUS 

AND RESULTS WITH GILLMORE APPARATUS BY LABORATORIES USING GILLMORE APPARATUS 

PRESENTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE 




RD SERIES 



L LABORATORIES 



UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES 



I 




COMMERCIAL LABORATORIES 



RESULTS OF DETERMINATION OF TIME OF SETTING TESTS-THIRD SERIES 
PRESENTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE. 

CEMENT N0.52 
PRIVATE LABORATORIES MUNICIPAL, STATE AND FEDERAL LABORATORIES 



UNIVERSITY LABORATO R I E S 




PIG. 20. 



■m 



ERIES 



TORIES 



UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES 




RESULTS OF DETERMINATION OF TIME OF SETTING TESTS-THIRD SERIES 
PRESENTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE. 

CEMENT NO. 72 



COMMERCIAL LABORATORIES 



PRIVATE LABORATORIES 



MUNICIPAL, STATE & FEDERAL LABORATORIES 



UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES 




riG. 21. 



r> p'j" V IP"^. 



OUi 



« 



ERIES 



\T0RIE3 



32 



U 



UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES 

— r 
30 



25 



27 



— I— 
28 



29 




360 





Group 



' ^ Group 



Average 



\ 



Gillmore 



New 



Gillmore 



Old 






Group Average yicat-New 



^i; 



Group Average yicat - Old 



roup Average Gillmore -Old 

■' " Nevf 

'• Vicat Old & New 



\ 



^ 




Group Average Glllmore-Old 
New 
Vicat Old & New 



a 



RESULTS OF DETERMINATION OF TIME OF SETTING TESTS-THIRD SERIES 
PRESENTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE. 

CEMENT NO. 82 



COMMERCIAL LABORATORIES 



PRIVATE LABORATORIES 



MUNICIPAL, STATE & FEDERAL LABORATORIES 



UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES 




FIG. 22. 



i 



<?f each of the two methods and the results for all cements of the third 
series are shown by Figures 20, 21 and 22. While a comparison of these 
results is of far less value than the analyses shown in Figures 17, IS 
and 19, yet an inspection of these diagrams indicates generally less 
erratic variations by the Gillmore Method than by the Vicat and 
neither method can be characterized as accurate. 

In further consideration of the question of accuracy in reproduct- 
ability of results, it is very important to note the disparity in results 
obtained in the same laboratory on three test pieces from an identical 
sample of cement, all prepared and tested by the same operator, who 
was particularly experienced in the method considered. Illustrating 
this, the following are taken from Table 26, cement No. 62. 

Time of Initial Set in Minutes. 







Vicat 


(Old form of Test Piece) 


Laboratory 


15 


230 


180 168 


a 


29 


90 


112 150 






Vicat 


(New form of Test Piece) 


Laboratory 


34 


122 


133 102 


a 


23 


52 


95 ,78 






Gillmore 


(Old form of Test Piece) 


Laboratory 


19 


125 


105 100 


a 


7 


150 


119 110 






Gillmore 


(New form of Test Piece) 


Laboratory 


1 


206 


. 186 180 


a 


19 


115 


105 110 



Even under these ideal conditions a variation of 50 per cent, and 
more is shown although the variation is quite uniformly less for the 
Gillmore than for the Vicat. Similar variations will be found in the 
results of all the series of tests conducted by the Conference. 

2. The RELATrv^E* Simplicity and Convenience of the Two Methods. 

The relative simplicity of the Gillmore and Vicat Methods has 
been quite fully considered in the argument previously presented by 
the United States Government Committee. This is further reviewed : 

The opinions of all of 173 testing laboratories replying to the ques- 
tion of the Joint Conference (see page 60), 

"Question 6^ Which ' apparatus do you regard as the simpler 
and more convenient", 

may be summarized as follows: 

One hundred and .fifty-one laboratories comprised of 77 producersr 
and 74 i|on-producers stated that they regard the Gillmore Method 
as simpler and more convenient and .only 16 laboratories considered 



101 



the Vicat as simpler; or 90 per cent, of the laboratories recommended 
the Gillmore as simpler and more convenient. 

With regard to the relative laboratory time required for the opera- 
tion of the two methods see the United States Government Committee's 
statement on page 78, which was prepared in connection with a com- 
parison of the two methods, using the old f6rm of test piece. This 
also substantially applies when using the proposed new foi*m 'of test 
piece. The fairness of this comparison as to simplicity is confirmed 
l)y the fact that 90 per ceiit. of the laboratories recommended the 
Gillmore as the simpler, and SI great majority are using the* Gillmore 
in preference to the Vicat as shown below although the Vicat 'was the 
recognized standard for many years. - 

3. The Extent to Which Each Method is Now Used. 

The- extent to which the Gillmore and Vicat Methods are used may 
be shown by the replies to the question of the Joint Conference (see 
page 60), 

"Question 2. Which method do you commonly use?" 

one hundred and thirty-seven testing laboratories, comprising 69 pro- 
ducers and 68 non-producers used the Gillmore Method, while 43 labora- 
tories, comprising 2 producers and 41 non-producers used the Vicat 
Method, that is 77 per cent, of the laboratories used the Gillmore Method 
and but 23 per cent, use the Vicat Method. 

As indicating the lack of effect of standard specifications in in- 
fluencing the practice of cement testing laboratories it is significant 
that prior to the issuance of the Government specifications requiring 
the Gillmore apparatus, when only the Vicat Method was required in 
standard specifications for cement testing, 136 laboratories comprising 
67 producers and 69 non-producers used the Gillmore, while 37 labora- 
tories, comprising 3 producers and 34 non-producers used the Vicat 
Method; that is, 80 per cent of the laboratories used the Gillmore 
Method and but 20 per cent, used the Vicat Method. 

See the previous discussion presented to the Joint Conference by 
the United States Government Committee, page 77, regarding the 
usage of Methods in Foreign Countries. ■ 

4. Eecommendations of Cement Testing Laboratories Havinq 
Experience With Both Methods. 

As to the method for determining time of setting to be adopted for 
standard specifications important weight should be given to the 
answers to the question asked of all known testing laboratories in the 
United States by the Joint Corifereince (see page 60). 

"Question 8! AH things considered, which method do you 
recommend as a standard' for the United States ?"^ 



one hundred and one laboratories consisting of 51 producers and 50 
non-producers recommended the Gillmore as a standard, while 53 labor- 
atories consistnig of 22 producers and 31 non-producers recommended 
the \icat as a standard, that is 66 per cent, recommended the Gillmore 
Method, and but 33 per cent, recommended the Vicat Method. While 
including the recommendations of all of the laboratory men experienced 
with both methods, 359, composed of 191 producers and 168 non-pro- 
ducers recommend the Gillmore, while 111, composed of 39 producers 
and 72 non-producers recommend the Vicat Method, or 76 per cent, 
of the total recommend the Gillmore Method for the standard. 

Conclusions. 

The Gillmore Method is recommended for the. standard f op the 
following reasons : 

1. The Gillmore Method gives results equally concordant with 
the Vicat Method. 

2. The Gillmore Method is the simpler to operate. 

3. The Gillmore Method is now in common usie in four out of 
every five laboratories. 

4. The Gillmore Method is recommended for adoption by two- 
thirds of all of the laboratories. 

The objections to the adoption of the Vicat Method may be stated 
as follows : 

1. The results obtained show no greater concordance than those 
obtained with the Gillmore Method. 

2. It lacks the simplicity of the Gillmore Method. 

3. It has failed of adoption as a standard even though unani- 
mously recommended by all Engineeripg Societies for the past 

10 years. 

4. It is not favored by the great majority of producer and non- 
producer laboratories. 

5. The proposed new form of test piece which is made to simu- 
late the Gillmore pat does not give any greater concordance in 
results than the old form of test piece, therefore, all the argu- 
ments against the adoption of the' Vicat Method with the old 
form of test piece apply equally to the new form excepting as 
regards the subsequent use of the test piece for soundness tests, 
which is made similar to the present use of the Gillmore pat. 
The proposed new form still requires a mold for each test 
piece thus lacking the simplicity of the Gillmore pat which 
requires no mold. ,The superiority in simplicity of design and 
operation of the Gjillniore needles still remains the same. 

The United States Government Committee without regard to the 
methods prescribed in the United States Government^ Specifications 

103 



has been actuated only by a sincere desire to secure the success of 
the Joint Conference in the adoption of a single standard of Specifica- 
tions for American Portland Cement, and this is felt to be fairly evi* 
denced by the agreenient reached regarding the specifications as to 
the determination of Normal Consistency* While it is to be regretted 
that a similar agreement could not be reached in regard to the specifica-^ 
tions as to time of setting; yet it is felt that the position taken by the 
Government Committee is supported by the result of every investiga- 
tion of the Joint Conference and by the important practical considera- 
tions previously set- forth. ^ ' 

It should be emphasized that the most significant fact brought out 
by this investigation is the failure of both methods to give concordant 
results even when teists are conducted by laboratories recognized as 
the most competent cement testing laboratories in the country^ j and are 
made under conditions of closely defined similarity upon identical 
samples of the same cement. The fallacy of considering eithermethod 
as possessing signifi,cant superiority ap to accuracy is apparent, and 
the final conclusion as to choice of methods reverts to the reasonable 
and substantial ground of facility and particularly of generally ac- 
cepted present day practice. r 



(i) Tensile Tests. 

Slight changes are made in phraseology aiid ' sonie new matter 
introduced as follows: 

The Specifications for* the No. 20 and No. 30 sieves ^re made 
more explicit. '' ^ ' " 

The former requirements fOr the storage of test jiieces have been 
improved by requiring that the test pieces be covered with glass plates 
or cover glasses to prevent evaporation of moistu're. '* •' 

3^ Applicatfio^ off. M American Specification's and Methods of Tests 
• for Portland Cement** to White Portland Cement. 

.The Conference r de^cided that the specifications recommended in 
Part II, be applied to white .Portland, cement, with the excej^tpn that 
the limitation on sulphuric anhydride be raised, to 2 per c^nt. and the 
loss on-; ignition ,iii. the = specific gravity requirement be raisefj to 4 per 

cent. -^ ';^...,. ;,:;■■:;',' ; ; , 

.-. -,.-^N ■■, w.:... ._ pespectifully,- .„, . .. > - .,, 

Amfericani; Society. p% Qivil Engineers,, , \- .George S. Webster, 

:; If . j ; ( KiCHABD L. Humphrey. 

. ,.„.: ,, , ■-; , \.. . " , . ■ :, "^ ;( ' George ,F. SwAp, 

Ameriean 8ociet\f. for-Tsesijin^.;Material^^^ Olaf Hope, _ ^ ^ 

( Clifford Richardson. 
' ' ' '' ■ ' '" ' '■■-■'-'"- ' '"^'/'"Arthur- P. toAvis;' 

TJfiited States Gbvefnkiefit, J. Asa E.'pHitLips, ' '' - '"' 



* Mr. Alfred Noble, deceased, 

104 



Rudolph J. Wig. 



PART II. 

AMERICAN SPECIFICATIONS 
AND 
METHODS OF TESTS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT* 



RECOMMENDED BY THE JOINT CONFERENCE 

ON 

UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS 

AND 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT 



APRIL 28, 1915. 



* Including white Portland Cement. 



PART II. 

I. American Specifications And Methods of Tests 
FOR Portland Cement.* 

A. Specifications. 

Definition. 

1. Portland cement is the product obtained by finely pulverizing 
clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion, an intimate mixture 
of properly proportioned argillaceous and calcareous materials, with 
no additions subsequent to calcination excepting to~eon-trol -setting 
properties. Such additions , shall not exceed 3 per cent, by weight, 
of the calcined product. 

Chemical Limitations.* 

2. The following limits shall not be exceeded : 

Loss on Ignition. 4.00 per cent. 

Insoluble Residue . . ..... 0.85 . " '' 

Sulphuric Anhydride (SO3) 1.75 " " 

Magnesia (MgO) 4.00 " " 






Specific Gravity^* 

3. The specific gravity of the cement shall not be less than 3.12 ; 
should the specific gravity fall below this requirement the cement 
shall be accepted if the loss on ignition is not more than 3 per cent, 
asd the insoluble residue is, not more than 0.85 per cent. ■>•■ - -f^ 

■■'--'; do^ A^^ l^J^^ ^M-- ■ i^ • ■ 

Fineness. 

4. The residue on a standard No. 200 sieve shall not exceed 20 per 
cent, by weight. 

Soundness. 

5. Pats of neat cement, after 24 hours in moist air, when immersed 
in either air or steam, shall remain firm and hard, and show no signs 
of distortion, cracking, checking, or disintegration. 



Time of Setting. 

6. Initial set shall develop in not less than one hour and final set 
shall be attained within 8 hours. 

* Including white Portland cement in which the following chemical limitations 
shall not be exceeded : 

Loss on Ignition 4.00 per cent. 

Insoluble Residue 0.85 " " " 

Sulphuric Anhydride (SO3) 2.00 " " 

Magnesia (MgO) ......:... 4.00 " " 



Tensile Strength. 

7. The averag-e tensile strength, of a.t least three briquettes, in 
pounds per square inch, for each sample shall be not less than the 
following : 

Age. Neat Cement. jj^.'; ;■ vStrfengrt-Ji. /, 

)t 24 hrs. in moist air 175 

M- 7 days (1 day in moist air, 6 days in water) 500 

• °^. 28 d,ays (1 day in moist air, 27 days in water) 600 

■ ■ ' One part cement, three parts Statidard Ottawa Sand. 

7 days (1 day in moist air, 6 days in water) . ..... 225 

28 days (1 day in moist air, 27 days in water) 325 

8. The sand mortar briquettes shkll show no retrogression in 
strength for any period within 28 days. 

Packages and Marking. 

9. The cement shall be delivered ill: suitable bags or barrels with 
the brand , and the name of the manufacturer plainly marked thereon. 
A bag shall contain 94 pounds net. A barrel shall contain 376 
pounds net. 

Storage. 

10. The cement shall be stored in such a manner as to permit easy 
access for proper inspection and identification of each shipment, and 
in a suitable weather-tight builcling having the floor properly raised 
from the ground. . 

Inspection. 

11. In general, the cement shall be inspected and tested ,after 
delivery, but partial or complete inspection at the mill may be required. 
Every facility shall be provided, and/v^a period of at least 30 days 
allowed , for the inspection and tests. . The cement shall be tested in 
accordance with the methods hereinafter prescribed. 

Rejection. , ., , ^, 

12. The right is reserved to reject any - brand ^-^en^ent- which -hsts- 
riot 'fee©?! established as a high-grade Portland cement. 

13. The cement may be rejected if it fails to meet any of, the 
requirements of these specifications. 

14. Cement failing to meet the test for fineness shall be dried at 
100° C. and a retest made before rejection* 

15. Cejnent failing to meet the test for soundness in steam may 
be accepted if it passes a retest within 28 days thereafter. 

' 16. Cement sampled in bin where not more than 10 per cent, of the 
samples fail to meet the requirements of the specifications may be 
accepted at the option of the engineer. 

17. A package that is short in weight or broken may be rejected or 
accepted as a fractional package at the option of the engineer. 

*^ 108 



B. Methods of Tests. 

Sampling. 

l^umher of Samples. 

18. Each sample should weigh eight (8) pounds and shall not 
represent more than fifty (50) barrels except for bin inspection at 
the mill where the sample shall not represent more than one hundred 
(100) barrels. 

Method of Sampling. 

19. The package sample shall be taken from the surface to the 
center of one bag or barrel. 

20. Cement in bulk shall be so sampled that the entire quantity 
taken for each sample will be from one spot. 

21. Cement inspected at the mill should preferably be sampled 
while the bin is being filled; each sample shall represent 100 barrels 
and the entire sample shall be taken from the conveyor or belt at one 
time. When it is necessary to sample cement in bins already filled it 
shall be done with a two-inch auger, through a sleeve at least 18 
inches long inserted horizontally in the walls of the bins. Holes 
shall be so spaced vertically as to permit of taking a complete sample 
for each layer of 100 barrels ; and where possible one-half the samples 
shall be taken from opposite walls; where the bin is filled from more 
than one spout a series of samples should preferably be taken through 
holes in the walls near each spout. 

22. Composite samples shall not be taken or used unless particularly 
-speer&ed; ()--n--*^-^-^^L^t^ 

Treatment of Sample. ^ ^ / 

23. Each sample shall be tested separately unless otherwise ispeeifietlr 

24. Samples shall be passed through a sieve having twenty (20) 
meshes per linear inch in order to thoroughly mix the sample, break 
up lumps and remove foreign materials. 

Chemical Analysis. # U 

25. The following methods have been prepared in co-operation with (j^' 
the Bureau of Standards, with the advice of Dr. W. F. Hillebrand and y 
Mr. Clifford Richardson. ■ 

Methods OF Chemical Analysis. 
Loss on Ignition. 

26. One gram of cement is heated in a weighed covered platinum 
crucible, of 20 to 25_c.c^eapacity,' as foMows: ^^'^^■^^^J 

^Either method (a) or (b) m»H»^-^ed^) (^ (M-^-^ ^ ^"^ ^^^.--^' 
(a) The crucible is placed in a hole in an asTbestos board s 
clamped horizontally so that about three-fifths of the crucible pro- 

109 



jects below and blasted at a full red heat for 15 minutesi with ^ 
inclined flame; the loss in weight is checked by a second blasting 
for five minutes. Care must be taken to wipe off particles of 
asbestos that may a'dhere to the crucible when withdrawn from 
the hole in the board. 
].:: 1 Greater neatness and shortening of the time of heating, are 

\ ^secured by making a hole to fit the crucible in a circular disk <>f 
sheet platinum and placing this disk over a somewhat larger hole 
in an asbestos board. 

(b) The crucible is placed in a muffle at any temperature 
between 900 and 1 000° C. for 15 minutes and the loss in weight 
is checked by a second heating for five minutes. 

27. An analytical tolerance of 0.25 per cent, is allowed and all re- 
sults in excess of the specified limit but within this tolerance shall be 
reported 3 or 4 per cent. 

Insoluble Residue. 

28. To a one-gram sample of cement are added 10 c.c. of water and 
5 c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid; the liquid is warmed until 
effervescence ceases. The solution is diluted to 50 c.c. and digested 
on a steam bath or hot plate until it is evident that decomposition 
of the cement is complete. The residue is filtered, washed with cold 
water, and the filter paper and contents are digested in about 30 c.c. 
of a 5 per cent, solution of sodium carbonate, the liquid being held 
at a temperature just short of boiling for 15 minutes. The remaining 
residue is filtered, washed with cold water, then with a few drops of 
hot hydrochloric acid (1 : 9) and finally with hot water, and then 
ignited at a red heat and weighed as the insoluble residue. 

29. An analytical tolerance of 0.15 per cent, is allowed and all results 
in excess of the specified limit but within this tolerance shall be 
reported 0.85 per cent. 

Sulphuric Anhydride. 

30. One gram of the cement is dissolved in 5 c.c. of concentrated 
hydrochloric acid diluted with 5 c.c. of water, with gentle warming; 
when solution is complete 40 c.c. of water is added, the solution is fil- 
tered, and the residue washed thoroughly with water. The solution is 
diluted to 250 c.c, heated to boiling and 10 c.c. of a hot 10 per cent, 
solution of barium chloride is added slowly, drop by drop, from a 
pipette and the boiling continued until i;he precipitate is well formed. 
The solution is digested on the steam bath until the precipitate has 
settled. The precipitate is filtered, washed, and the paper and contents 
are placed in a weighed platinum crucible and the paper slowly charred 
and consumed without flaming. The barium sulphate is then ignited 
and weighed. The weight obtained multiplied by 34.3 gives the 
percentage of sulphuric anhydride. 

m 



81. The acid filtrate obtained in the determination of the insoluble 
residue may be used for the estimation of sulphuric anhydride instead 
of using' a separate sample. 

32. An analytical tolerance of 0.10 per cent, is allowed and all results 
in excess of the specified limit but within this tolerance shall be 
reported 1.75 per cent. • ..t ■•-, . 

'-■-/■■■'■ '?V f"^f . 

Magnesia. 

33. To one-half gram of the cement in an evaporating dish is added 
10 c.c. of water to prevent lumping and then 10 c.c. of concentrated 
hydrochloric acid. The liquid is gently heated and agitated until 
attack is complete. The solution is then evaporated to complete dryness 
on a steam or water bath. To hasten dehydration the residue may be 
heated to 150° or even 200° C. for one-half to one hour. 

34. The residue is treated with 10 c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric 
acid diluted with an equal amount of water. The dish is covered and 
the solution digested for ten minutes on a steam bath or water bath. 
The diluted solution is filtered and the separated silica washed thor- 
oughly with water.* 

35. Five c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and sufficient bromine 
water, to precipitate any manganese which may be present, are added 
to the filtrate (about 250 c.c). This is made alkaline with ammonium 
hydroxide, boiled until there is but a faint odor of ammonia and the 
precipitated iron and aluminum hydroxides, after settling, are washed 
with hot water, once by decantation and slightly on the filter. Setting 
aside the filtrate, the precipitate is transferred by a jet of hot water 
to the precipitating vessel and dissolved in 10 c.c. hot hydrochloric 
acid. The paper is extracted with acid, the solution and washings being- 
added to the main solution. The aluminum and iron are then repre- 
cipitated at boiling heat by ammonium hydroxide and bromine water 
in a volume of about 100 c.c, and the second precipitate is collected 
and washed, on the filter used in the first instance if this is still intact. 

36. To the combined filtrates from the hydroxides of iron and alumi- 
num, reduced in volume if need be, one c.c. of ammonium hydroxide is 
added, the solution is brought to boiling, 25 c.c of a saturated solu- 
tion of boiling ammonium oxalate added, and the boiling continued 
until the precipitated calcium oxalate has assumed a well defined 
granular form. The precipitate after one hour is filtered and washed, 
then with the filter is placed wet in a platinum crucible, and the 
paper burned off over a small flame of a Bunsen burner; after 
ignition it is redissolved in hydrochloric acid and the solution diluted 
to 100 c.c. 'Ammonia is added in slight excess, and the liquid is 
boiled. The lime is then reprecipitated by ammonium oxalate, allowed 

: ^ , , — '. _ ' . , . , — — — 1 r—. : . .1. ' 

,?= Since this procedure does not involve the determination of silica, a second evapora- 
tion is unnecessary. ' ' ' ■ '■ '■'■• ■ ; 



'to. stand until settled, filtered and washed. The combined filtrates 
from the calcium precipitates are acidified with hydrochloric acid, 
concentrated on the steam bath to about 150 c.c, and made 
slightly alkaline with ammonium hydroxide, boiled and filtered (to 
remove a little aluminum and iron and perhaps calcium). When cool, 
10 c.c. of saturated solution of sodium-ammonium-hydrogen phosphate 
is added with constant stirring. When the crystalline ammonium- 
magnesium orthophosphate has formed, ammonia is added in mod- 
erate excess. The solution is set aside for several hours in a 
cool place, filtered and washed with water containing 2^% NHg. The 
precipitate is dissolved in a small quantity of hot hydrochloric 
acid, the solution diluted to about 100 c.c, one c.c. of a satu- 
rated solution of sodium-ammonium-hydrogen phosphate added, 
and ammonia drop by drop, with constant stirring, until the pre- 
cipitate is again formed as described and the ammonia is in moderate 
■excess. The precipitate is then allowed to stand about two hours, fil- 
tered and washed as before. The paper and contents are placed in a 
weighed platinum crucible, the paper is slowly charred and the resulting 
carbon carefully burned off. The precipitate is then ignited to con- 
stant weight over a Meker burner, or a blast not strong enough to soften 
or melt the pyrophosphate. The weight of magnesium pyrophosphate 
obtained multiplied by 72.5 gives the percentage of magnesia. The 
precipitate so obtained contains always some calcium and usually small 
quantities iron, aluminum, and manganese as phosphates. 

37. An analytical tolerance of 0.4 per cent, is allowed and all results 
in excess of the specified limit but within this tolerance shall be 
reported 4.00 per cent. 

Determination of Specific Gravity. 

Apparatus. 

38. The determination of specific gravity shall b^ made with a 
standardized Le Chatelier apparatus which conforms to requirements 
as illustrated in Figure 1., This apparatus is standardized by the 
United States Bureau of Standards. Kerosene free from water or 
benzine not lighter than 62° Baume shall be used in making, this 
determination. 

Method. 

39. The flask is filled with the liquid to a point on the stem between 
zero and one cc. and is then placed in a constant temperature bath 
which shall not vary more than half a degree centigrade (approximately 
1° F.) until the volume is constant. The usual method is to intro- 
duce 64 grams of cement into the flask, taking care that the 
powder does not adhere to the tube above the liquid, and to free the 
cement from air by rolling the flask in an inclined, position, The 

112 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY FLASK 



GROUND GLAS§^ 
STOPPER "^ 




CAf/^CITYOF BULK 
APPROX. 2S0 C C 



Fig. 1. — Le Chatelier Apparatus. 



113 






flask is then replaced in the constant temperature bath until a constant 
volume is recorded. The difference between these readings is the 
displaced volume. The specific gravity is then obtained from the 
formula : 

Weight of cement in grams \ 



Specific Gravity = 



Displaced volume in cu. cm. 



Results of the repeated tests should agree within 0.01. 

40. The apparatus may be cleaned in the following manner: the 
flask is inverted and shaken vertically until the liquid flows freely, 
and then held in a vertical position until empty; any traces of cement 
remaining can be removed by pouring into the flask a small quantity 
of clean kerosene and repeating the operation. 
J J /r' tU^Atutt* ^^' "^^^^^ <^^^^ must be exercised in making the determinati^tt-"aS" 

^^ ' - Sigrificance. "'^^' ^^ 'f.^-U^^^M ^ ^^^^ 

'^'O? JJ cfy'3/1^^'2,. . The specific gravity test is useful in detecting adulteration or 
hydration when the normal specific gravity of the cement is known. 
This adulteration, however, must be considerable to appreciably effect 
the result. 

Determination of Fineness. 
Apparatus. 

43. Wire cloth for standard sieves for cement and sand shall be 
woven (not twilled) from brass, bronze, or other suitable wire, and 

^ mounted on the frames without distortion. The sieve frames shall be 
^ circular/.(8 in.) in diameter ,(2.5 in.) high and provided with a pan 
about (1.92 in.) deep, and a cover. 

44. The No. 200 sieve, 0.0029-inch opening, having 200 wires per 
inch is standardized by the United States Bureau of Standards, and 
shall conform to the following specification: 

The No. 200 sieve should have 200 wires per inch and the number of 
wires in any whole inch shall be not outside the limits of 192 to '208. 
No opening between adjacent parallel wires shall be more than 0.0050- 
inch in width. The diameter of the wire should be 0.0021-inch and 
the average diameter shall not be outside the limits 0.0019-inch to 
0.0023-in. The value of the sieve, as determined by sieving tests 
made in conformity with the standard specifications for these tests 
on a standardized cement which has a fineness of 75 to 80 per 
cent, passing the No. 200 sieve or on other similarly graded material 
shall not show a variation of more than 1.5 per cent, from the stand* 
ards maintained at the Bureau of Standards. The Bureau also reserves 
the right to reject sieves for obvious imperfections in the sieve cloth 
or its mounting, as, for example, pimctured, loose or wavy cloth, 
imperfections in soldering, etc. 



^' 



Method. 







45. The sieve shall be thoroughly clean and dry. The cement is ^ *^ 5 ^^^' 
placed on the No. 200 sieve which, with paii and cover attached, is held ^ ^ i§-- 
in one hand in a very slightly inclined position and moved forward ; \ ^^ 
and backward in the plane of inclination, at the same time v^ry gently ts{ 
striking the side about 150 times per minute against the palm of the 
other hand on the up stroke. The sieve shall be turned evefy twenty- 
five strokes about one-sixth of a revolution in the same direction. The 
operation shall continue until no more than 0.05 grams will pass 
through in one minute. The fineness shall be defined as the ratio of ]U^ 
residue to sample by weight determined from the' weight of the "^ n;> 
residue expressed as a percentage of the weight sieved. The test shall S^ ^ 
be made with 50 grams of cement. v! '^ • \ 

46. Mechanical sieving devices may be used but prior to rejection " ^-C 
of. the cement it shall be retested by the hand method. 

Significance. , , 

47. The coarser particles in cement are practically inert (that is, 
when mixed with water will hydrate only after a number of weeks) 

^;^j^and it is only the extremely fine powder which possesses appreciable 
r!^ cementing qualities. It is found that with .commercial cements the 
^ more finely the cement is pulverized, other conditions being the same, 
'^S the more sand it v^ill carry and produce a mortar of a given strength. 
Some cements grind easier thaij others, and, although a larger per- 
centage of one cement may pass the No. 200 sieve than another, the ; 
former may have a smaller percentage of actual flour due to the ) 
difference in the hardness and the character of the clinker, and the f^^^ 
method used in grinding. The cementing value of different cements j 
therefore cannot be compared directly upon the basis of their apparent 
fineness through a No. 200 sieve. 

Mixing Cement Pastes and Mortars.* 
Method. 

48. The quantity of dry material to be mixed at one time shall 
not exceed 1 000 grams nor be less than 500 grams. The proportions 
of cement or cement and sand shall be stated by weight in grams of 
the dry materials; the quantity of water shall be expressed in cubic 
centimeters (1 gm. = 1 cu. cm.). 

49. The temperature of the room and the mixing water shall be 
maintained as nearly as practicable at 21° C. (70° F.). 

50. The dry materials shall be weighed, placed upon a non-absorbent 
surface, preferably plate glass, thoroughly mixed dry if sand be used, 

* The term "paste" is used to designate a mixture of cement and water and 
"mortar" to designate a mixture of cement, sand and wateri 

ll5 




and a crater formed in the center, into which the proper percentage of 
clean water shall be poured; the material on the outer edge shall be 
turned into the crater by the aid of a trowel. After an interval of 
one-half minute for the absorption of the water the operation shall 
be completed by continuous, vigorous mixing, squeezing antd kneading 
with the hands for at least one minute or until a viscous sticky consist- 
ency is obtained. During the operation of mixing, the hands should 
I be protected by rubber gloves. 

JL SignificaTice. 

51. In order to secure uniformity in the results of tests for the time 
of setting and tensile strength the manner of mixing above described 
should be carefully followed. At least one minute is necessary to 
obtain the desired plasticity which is not a,ppreciably affected by 
continuing the mixing for several minutes. The exact time necessary 
is dependent upon the personal equation of the operator. The error 
in mixing should be on the side of over mixing. 

Normal Consistency. 

52. Apparatus. — The Vicat Apparatus consists of a frame {A), 
Fig. 2, bearing a movable rod {B), weighing 300 grammes, one end 
(C) being 1 cm. in diameter for a distance of 6 cm., the other having 
a removable needle {D), 1 mm. in diameter, 6 cm. long. The rod 
is reversible, and can be held in any desired position by a screw 
{E), and has midway between the ends a mark {F) which moves 
under a scale (graduated to millimeters) attached to the frame (A). 
The paste is held in a conical, hard-rubber ring {G), 7 cm. in diam- 
eter at the base, 4 cm. high, resting on a glass plate {H) about 10 cm. 
square. 

53. Method. — In making the determination, the same quantity of 
cement as will be used subsequently for each batch in making the 
test pieces, but not less than 500 grammes, with a measured quantity 
of water, is kneaded into a paste, as described in Paragraph 50, and 
quickly formed into a ball with the hands, completing the operation by 
tossing it six times frorn one hand to the other, maintained about 6 in. 
apart ; the ball resting in the palm of one hand is pressed into the 
larger end of the rubber ring held in the other hand, completely filling 
the ring with paste; the excess at the larger end is then removed by a 
single movement of the palm of the hand; the ring is then placed on 
its larger end on a glass plate and the excess paste at the smaller end 
is sliced off at the top of the ring by a single oblique stroke of a trowel 

, held at a slight ang;le with the top of the ring. During these opera- 
tions care must be taken not to compress the' paste. The paste confined 
in the ring, resting on -the plate, is placed under the rod, the larger 

116 



end of which is brought in contact with the surface of the paste; the 
scale is then read, and the rod quickly released. The paste is of 
normal consistency when the cylinder settles to a point 10 mm. 
below the original surface in one-half minute after being released. 
The apparatus must be free from all vibrations during the test. Trial 
pastes are made with varying percentages of water until the normal 
consistency is obtained. The amount of water required shall be ex- 
pressed in percentage by weight of the dry cement. 




F 



iE 




VICAT APPARATUS 
Fig, 2. 

54. Having determined the percentage of water required to produce 
a paste of normal consistency the percentage of water for mortars 
indicated in the following table, as the percentage of the combined 
dry weight of the cement and standard Ottawa sand, shall be used. 



117 



Percentage of Water for Standard Mortars. 



f^ 



Percentage of water 

for neat cement 

paste of 

normal consistency. 


Percentage of Water 

for One cement three 

standard 

Ottawa Sand 

Mortar. 


Percentage of water 

for neat cement 

paste of 

normal consistency. 


Percentage of Water 

for One cement three 

standard 

Ottawa Sand 

Mortar. 


15 
IH 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 


9.0 

. 9.2 

9.3 

9.5 

9.7 

9.8 

10.0 

10.2 


23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


10.3 
10.5 
10.7 
10.8 
11.0 
11.2 
11.3 
11.5 



55. ^gni^ance. — The use of a proper percentage of water in 
making pastes and mortars for the various tests is exceedingly im- 
portant and affects vitally the results obtained. 

Determination of Soundness or Constancy of Volume. 

Apparatus. 

56. A steam apparatus, which can be maintained between 98° 
and 100° C, or one similar to that shown in Fig. 3 is recommended. 
The capacity of this apparatus may be increased by using a rack for 
holding the pats in a vertical or inclined position. 

Method. 

57. Pats from cement paste of normal consistency about 3 inches 
in diameter, J inch thick at the center, and tapering to a thin edge, 
shall be made on clean glass plates about 4 inches square, and stored 
in moist air. for 24 hours. In molding the pats the cement paste 
shall first be flattened on the glass and the pat then formed by drawing 
the trowel from the outer edge toward the center. 

58. One pat shall then be exposed to the air of the laboratory and 
observed at intervals for at least 28 days. 

59. A second pat shall then be placed in an atmosphere of ^ steam 
at a temperatui^e between 98° and 100° C. upoji a suitable support 
1 inch : above the boiling water for five hours. 

60. Should the pat leave the plate, distortion may be detected best 
with' a straight ed^e applied to the surface which was in contact with 
the pmte. 

Significance. 

61. The purpose of this test is to detect those qualities which tend 
to destroy the strength and durability of the cement. Under normal 
conditions these defects will in some cases develop quickly or may 
^ot develop for ' a considerable time. Since the detection of these 
qualities is essentisll, before using the cement, tests are made not only 
under normal conditions but under artificial conditions which it is 



118 




CO* 



4 






XaoQipau^ 



ud 






New Vicat Test Piece for the 
Determination of Time of Setting. 




Material Brass 
No. 20 Gauge 



Fig. 5a. 



SOUNDNESS PAT WITH TOP SURFACE FLATTENED, 
FOR DETERMINING TIME OF SETTING 




Fig. 5b. — GiLLMOBK Needles. 
1*20 



believed will hasten the development of these defects. Unsoundness is 
usually manifested by change in volume which causes distortioil, 
cracking, checking or disintegration. 

62. Pats improperly made or exposed to drying may develop what 
are known as shrinkage cracks within the first 24 hours and are 
not an indication of unsoundness. These conditions are illustrated in 
Figure 4. 

63. The failure of the pats to remain on the glass or the cracking 
of the glass to which the pats are attached does not necessarily 
indicate unsoundness. In the present state of our knowledge it cannot 
be said that a cement which fails to pass the accelerated test will prove 
defective in work; nor can a cement be considered entirely safe simply 
because it has passed this test. Properly manufactured cement 
should meet the requirements of this test without the necessity of oithor 
.sea&Qiiing-Jir--aL:^ubsequent treatment of the clinker or. -storage of the 
cement. ---^^^ 

Determination of Time of Setting. 
(The following are alternate methods.) 

64a. Apparatus [Vicat]. — The Time of Setting shall be determined 
with the Vicat apparatus described in Paragraph 52. 

64b. Apparatus [Gillmore].^— The Time of Setting shall be deter- 
mined by the standardized Gillmore needles. The Gillmore needles 
should preferably be mounted as shown in Fig. 5b. 

65a. Method [Vicat]. — A paste of Normal Consistency, obtained as 
described in Paragraph 53, is molded into the form of the test piece 
shown in Fig. 5a, in the following manner: The paste, mixed to Nor- 
mal Consistency, is formed into a ball, tossed six times from hand to 
hand held six inches apart, the ball is cut into halves with a trowel, and 
one-half is placed with the flat side on a 1-inch glass plate. The 
mold is placed over this half ball of paste, pressed firmly down to 
the plate, at the same time giving the mold a rotary motion to insure 
'the paste completely filling the mold. In this operation, the mold 
shall come into firm contact with the glass plate, squeezing the excess 
under the edge and through the opening at the top of the mold. The 
excess paste at the top of the mold is sliced oif by a single quick 
oblique stroke of a trowel held at a slight angle against the top of the 
mold. The test piece, molded as described, is placed under the rod (B), 
(Fig. 2), the smaller end of which is then carefully brought in contact 
with the surface of the paste, and the rod quickly released. The Initial 
Set shall be the moment when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm. 
above the glass plate; and the Final Set shall be the moment when 
the needle does not sink visibly into the paste. The test pieces shall be 
kept in moist air during the test; this may be accomplished by placing 

121 



them on a rack over water contained in a pan and covered with a 
damp cloth ; cloth to be kept from contact with them by means of 
a wire screen; or they may be stored in a moist box or closet. Care 
should be taken to keep the needle clean, as the collection of cement on 
the sides of the needle retards the penetration, while cement on the 
point may increase the penetration. The Time of Setting is effected 
not only by the percentage and temperature of the water used and the 
amount of kneading the paste receives, but by the temperature and 
humidity of the air, and its determination is, therefore, only ap- 
proximate. 

65b. Method [Gillmore]. — The Time of Setting shall be determined 
as follows : A pat of neat cement paste about three inches in diameter 
and one-half inch in thickness with a flat top (Figure 5a), mixed to a 
Normal Consistency, should be kept in moist air, at a temperature 
maintained as nearly as practicable at 21° C. (70° F.). The Cement 
is considered to have acquired its initial set when the pat will bear, 
without appreciable indentation, a needle 1/12 of an inch in diameter, 
loaded to weigh one-fourth of a pound. The final set has been acquired 
when the pat will bear without appreciable indentation, a needle 1/24 
of an inch in diame.ter, loaded to weigh one pound. In making the 
test, the needle should be held in a vertical position, and applied lightly 
to the surface of the pat. The pats made for the Soundness test may 
be used to determine the Time of Setting. 

66. Significance.--The object of this test is to determine the time 
which elapses, from the moment water is added until the paste ceases 
to be plastic (called the "initial . set") » and also the time until it 
acquires a .certain degree of hardness (called the "final set" or "hard 
set")., The former is the more important, as a disturbance of the 
cement after setting begins may produce a loss of strength, and- it is 
essential to complete the operation of mixing or molding or incorpo- 
rating the mortar into the work before the cement begins to set. 

Tensile Tests. 
Form of Test Piece. 

67. The form of test piece shown in Figure 6 shall be used. . The 
molds shall be made of non^corrodable material and have sufficient 
metal in the sides to preveijt spreading during molding. Three gang 
molds of the, type shown in Figure 7 are recomnaended. Molds shall 
be wiped with an oily cloth before usin^. 

Standard Sand. ' ■ 

68. The sand to be use'd shall be natural sand from Ottawa, Illinois,. 
Screened- to pass a No. 20 sieve and retained on a No. 30 sieve. This 
sand may now "(1915) be obtained from the Ottawa Silica Company, 
at a cost of tw'o cents per potlnd, 'f. o. b. cars, Ottawa, 111. 

122 



09. Sand having passed the No. 20 sieve shall 
standard when not more than 5 grams pass the No. 30 
minute continuous sifting of a 500 gram sample. 



be considered 
sieve after one 




DETAILS FOR BRIQUETTE. 
Fig. 6. 





/■ 



s 



GANG MOLD. 
Fig. 7. 

' -70. The No. 20 (0.335-inch opening) and No. 30 (0.0223-inch 
opening) sieves, having 20 and 30 meshes per linear inch respectively, 
are standardized by the tTnited States Bureau of Standards and shall 
conform to the following: 



\ 



Noi 20 sieves shall have between 19.5 and 20.5 wires per whole inch 
of the warp wires and between 19 and 21 wires per whole inch of the 
shoot wires. The diameter of the wire should be 0.0165 inch and the 
average measured diameter shall not vary outside the limits of 
0.0160 and 0.0170 inch. 

No. 30 sieves shall have between 29.5 and 30.5 wires per whole inch 
of the warp wires and between 28.5 and 31.5 wires per whole inch of 
the shoot wires. The diameter of the wire should be 0.0110 inch and 
the average as measured shall not vary outside the limits 0.0105 to 
0.0115 inch. 

Molding. 

71. Immediately after mixing, the paste or mortar shall be placed 
in the molds, pressed in firmly with the fingers, and smoothed off with 
a trowel without ramming. The material shall be heaped above the 
mold, and, in smoothing off, the trowel shall be drawn over the mold 
in such a manner as to exert a moderate pressure on the material. The 
mold shall then be turned over on a glass plate and the operation of 
heaping, pressing and smoothing off repeated. 

72. A check on the uniformity of mixing and molding may be 
afforded by weighing the test pieces on removal from the moist closet; 
test pieces from any sample which vary in weight more than 3 per 
cent, from the average shall not be considered. 

Testing. 

73. Tests shall be made with any standard machine. The briquettes 
shall be broken as soon as they are removed from the water. The bear- 
ing surfaces of the clips and briquettes shall be free from grains of 
sand or dirt. The briquettes shall be carefully centered and the load 
applied at the rate of 600 pounds per minute. 

74. Briquettes which do not break within i inch of the center 
or are otherwise manifestly faulty shall be excluded in determining 
the average results. 

75. Not less than three briquettes shall be tested for each sample 
for each period of test. Individual briquettes which show a greater 
variation ftom the mean value than 10 per cent, for mortars and 15 
per cent, fbr pastes shall be excluded. 

Significance. 

76. Tensile tests should not be Construed as directly indicating the 
value of the material in construction, but afford a convenient method 
of determining the uniformity in quality of cements. The actual 
strength of the mortar or concrete in which the cement is used can 
be determined only by tests of these materials. 

124 



Storage of Test Pieces. 
Apparatus. 

77. A moist closet consists of a soapstone or slate box, or a wooden 
box lined with metal, the interior surface being- covered with felt or 
broad wicking- kept wet, the bottom of the box being covered with 
water. The interior of the box is provided with glass shelves on which 
to place the test pieces, the shelves being so arranged that they may 
be withdrawn readily. 

Methods. 

78. All test pieces, immediately after molding, shall be placed in 
moist air for 24 hours to prevent drying. 

79. The pats used for soundness and time of setting- shall be placed 
in a moist closet and each test piece protected from drying with a 
glass cover 31 inches in diameter and 2 inches high. 

80. The briquettes shall be kept in molds on glass plates in the 
moist closet for at least 20 hours and the upper svirfaces shall be 
covered either by stacking or with glass plates. 

81. After 24 hours in moist air the briquettes to be tested at later 
periods shall be immersed in clean water in storage tanks of non- 
corrodible material. It is preferable to have running- water in the 
tanks ; if this is not possible the water should be changed at least once 
■each week. 

82. The air and water shall be maintained as nearly as practicable 
at 21° C. (70° F.). 

Respectfully, 

( — * 



American Society of Civil Engineers, -j George S. Webster, 

( Richard L. Humphrey. 

( George F. Swain, 

American Society for Testing Materials, < Olaf Hoff, 

( Clifford Richardson. 

f Arthur P. Davis, 

United States Government, J Asa E. Phillips, 

/ Rudolph J. Wig. 



* Mr. Alfred Noble, deceased. 



123 



iHMi 



PART III. 

MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS OF THE JOINT CONFERENCE 

ON UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS AND 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR CEMENT. 



I 



PART III. 

MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS OF THE JOINT CONFERENCE 
ON UNIFORM METHODS OF TESTS AND STANDARD 
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT. 



A. MINUTES OF THE FIRST MEETING OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

The first meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of 
Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the House 
of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57th Street, 
New York, N. Y., October 24, 1912, at 10 a. m. 

There were present representing the 

Amei'ican Society of Civil Engineers, 
Alfred Noble, 
George S. Webster, 
Richard L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials, 
George F. Swain, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Richardson. 

United States Government, 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
Rudolph J. Wig. 

The meeting was called to order by George F. Swain, Chairman of 
the Committee on Standard Specifications for Cement of the American 
Society for Testing Materials, who explained that the purpose of the 
Joint Conference was to reach an agreement on Uniform Methods of 
Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement. He suggested that 
Alfred Noble be made permanent Chairman, which was seconded by 
Mr. Phillips and unanimously agreed to. 

On motion of Mr. Humphrey, seconded by Mr. Swain, Arthur P. 
Davis was unanimously elected permanent Vice-Chairman. 

On motion of Mr. Webster, seconded by Mr. Davis, Richard L. 
Humphrey was unanimously elected permanent secretary. 

The Conference unanimously decided that the name of the Joint 
Conference should be "The Joint Conference on Uniform Methods 
of Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement". 

The methods of tests proposed by the Special Committee of the- 
American Society of Civil Engineers and the United States Depart- 
mental Committee were discussed and the following essential differ- 
ences established. 

129 



1. Normal Consistency.- 

2. Time of Setting. 

3. Percentage of Water for Standard Ottawa Sand Mortars. 

4. Specific Gravity. 

5. Methods of Chemical Analysis. 

6. Sieves. 

The question of differences between the requirements of Specifica- 
tions for Cement proposed by the United States Departmental Com- 
mittee and those proposed by the Committee on Standard Specifica- 
tions for Cement of the American Society for Testing Materials, were 
next discussed and the following essential differences established. 

1. Time of Setting. 

2. Insoluble Residue. 

3. Retrogression in Tensile Tests of Neat Cement. 

4. Specific Gravity. 

5. General Clauses — ^Brand, Methods of Inspection, etc. 

On motion of Mr. Humphrey, seconded by Mr. Davis, it was agreed 
that the Joint Conference should consider not only these differences 
but also all matters pertaining to the Methods of Tests and Specifica- 
tions for Cement. 

It was further unanimously agreed that each member of the Joint 
Conference send to the Secretary all criticisms recieived or any sug- 
gestions of changes that he had received or which he wished to propose. 

On motion of Mr. Wig it was unanimously agreed that the first 
question to be considered was the use of the Vicat Needle for Normal 
Consistency and Time of Setting and the Ball Method for Normal 
Consistency and the Gillmore wires for Time of Setting. 

Mr. Davis then presented the circular letter sent out by the United 
States Departmental Committee on Cement Specifications together 
with a summary of replies received thereto. 

After a discussion of the matter the following resolution was 
offered by Mr. Webster, seconded by Mr. Hoff: 

That this conference send out circular letters to various testing 
laboratories (distinguishing between producers and nonrpro- 
ducers), inviting answers to questions on matters under 
consideration. 

The Joint Conference took a recess for further consideration of 
the matter from 12.30 to 1.40 p. m. 

After recess the motion was further discussed, amended and unani- 
mously approved to read as follows: 

That this Joint Conference send out circular letters to the various 
testing laboratories to be selected by the Conference (dis- 
tinguishing between producers and non-producers) inviting 
answers to questions on the matters under consideration. 

130 



The following resolution was offered by Mr. Phillips and unani- 
mously agreed to : 

That an Executive Committee of two members be appointed, one 
selected by the representatives of the United States Depart- 
mental Committee, the other by the remaining members of the 
Joint Conference. 

That all correspondence received by the Joint Conference be 
referred to this Executive Committee. In case a reply be 
called for and the Executive Committee is unable to agree 
upon its terms, a meeting of the Joint Conference shall be 
called to decide upon the matter at issue. 

That all correspondence be carried on in the name of the Joint 
Conference through its Chairman. 

The following motion by Mr. Davis was unanimously agreed to : 
That the Secretary of the Committee of the American Society 
of Civil Engineers be requested to send to the members of 
the United States Departmental Committee, a list of ques- 
tions, a list of the parties to whom sent, the replies thereto 
and the summary of the results as offered in the Committee 
Eeport, pp. 108 of the Proceedings of the American Society 
of Civil Engineers, February, 1912. 

The following resolution offered by Mr. Phillips was unanimously 
adopted : 

That the Secretary of the United States Departmental Committee 
be requested to send to the other members of the Joint Con- 
ference than the representatives of the United States Depart- 
mental Committee, the circular letter sent out under date 
of August 5, together with a list of those to whom it w^as 
sent and the replies received thereto. 

It was unanimously agreed that the minutes of each meeting of 
the Joint Conference be sent to each member. 

The following resolution was also unanimously agreed to : 

That the Executive Committee be instructed to prepare circular 
letters of inquiry and a program of tests to be made and 
send to each member of the Joint Conference. That a meet- 
ing of the Joint Conference be held within not less than one 
week thereafter. 

The Joint Conference then took up many of the points in dispute 
and agreed to the requirements for Sieves as recommended by the 
United States Government. 

Mr. Davis addressed the Joint Conference on the subject of Fine- 
ness, reciting the economical need of finely ground cement for use in 

131 



the Reclamation Service, and expressed the hope that the Conference 
would agree to much more rigid requirements for Fineness. 

The Chairman announced that Mr. Wig representing the United 
States Departmental Committee members of the Joint Conference 
and Mr. Humphrey representing the remaining members of the Joint 
Conference had been designated as the Executive Committee of the 
Joint Conference.. 

The Committee then adjourned at 4.15 p. m. to meet at the call 
of the Chairman. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 

Secretary. 



B. MINUTES OF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

A meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests 
and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the Bureau of 
Standards, Washington, D. C, November 8, 1912, 9.30 p. m. 

There were present representing the 

American Society of Civil Engineers, 
Alfred Noble, 
George S. Webster, 
Richard L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials, 
George F. Swain, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Richardson. 

United States Government, 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
Rudolph J. Wig. 

The Conference took up the consideration of Report No. 1, of the 
Executive Committee on the proposed form of circular letters, the 
proposed program of tests and other recommendations. 

Sheets A, B, C, D, F, G and H were carefully considered and 
revised as per attached copies, which are re-lettered. (See Report.) 

On motion of Mr. Wig the Conference decided that the letter-head 
should read: 

"Joint Conference on Uniform Methods 
of Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement." 

132 



j 



Underneath should be the three organizations, with the names of 
the three representatives for each, and on the left hand side the 
following : 

"Address all correspondence to Mr. Alfred 
Noble, Chairman, 7 E. 42d Street, New York, N. Y." 

The Committee took a recess from 12.30 to 1.45 p. m., after 
which they resumed consideration of the Committee's Report and in 
the Program of Proposed Tests for Normal Consistency and Time of 
Setting, agreed to make the following modifications: 

To strike out "one Bag" and insert "a sufficient quantity of". 
Strike out "four" and insert "five"; "these five cements to consist of 
two normal Portland cements, a Portland cement attaining its initial 
set in not more than ten minutes, a Portland cement attaining its 
initial set in not less than five hours by the Vicat apparatus and a 
Portland cement ground so that not less than 85% will pass through 
the No. 200 sieve." 

The Third paragraph to be amended to read "these cements are to 
require, if possible, a percentage of water for the neat cement Paste, 
varying from 18% to 24%." 

In the Fourth paragraph insert before the word "marks" in the 
fourth line, the words "the preliminary tests." 

It was agreed that the Executive Committee should be entrusted 
with the carrying out of the program thus approved. 

On motion of Mr. Phillips the Conference unanimously agreed that 
the original of all reports should be filed with the Director of the 
Bureau of Standards. 

It was further ordered that copies of all reports should be sent to 
each member of the Conference and the Standard size 8 x 10 inches 
was adopted for all reports. 

The Conference adjourned at 3.30 p. ii. to meet at the call of the 
Chair. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 

Secretary. 



C. MINUTES OF THE THIRD MEETING OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

Pursuant to call, the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of 
Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement held a meeting at the 
House of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57th 
Street, New York, on Monday, January 13, 1913, at 10 a. m. 

133 



There were present representing the 

American Society of Civil Engineers^ 
Alfred Noble, 
George S. Webster, 
KicHARD L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials^ 
George F. Swain, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Richardson. 

United States Government^ 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
Rudolph J. Wig (represented by 

S. S. Voorhees). 

On motion the reading of the minutes of the last meeting were 
dispensed with. 

The letters containing the key to the brands of cement used in 
the tests for Normal Consistency and Time of Setting were opened 
as per agreement and the following information contained therein 
ordered to be sent to the members of the Joint Conference: 

Preliminary Tests of Samples of Portland Cement for Tests of 
Normal Consistency and Time of Setting Made, Easton, Pa., 
November 27, 1912. 



Mark. 


Brand. 


Fineness. 


Consistency. 


Time of Setting 
(in hours and minutes). 


A-45 
B-63 
C-91 
D-26 

E-77 


Lehigh 

Lehigh 

Penn-Allen . . 
Penn-Allen.. 
Penn-Allen.. 


100 200 

94.06 80.30 
97.64 85.02 
94.24 80.02 
94.18 83.30 
95.26 80.38 


Penetration % HjO 

12 MM. 21.0 
10 M.M. 21.5 
10.5 M.M. 22.0 
9.0 M.M. 24.0 
10.0 M.M. 22.5 


Initial. Final. % H2o 

2 30 4 21 21.0 

1 59 3 57 21.5 

2 13 4 20 22.0 

3 6 24.0 

1 52 4 34 22.5 



The data partially collated by the Executive Committee was then 
considered in detail and the Executive Committee was ordered to 
send out letters of appreciation to the participating laboratories notify- 
ing them that in due course the results of the tests would be sent to 
them. The Committee devoted the entire day to discussion of the 
results of these tests, taking recess from 12.15 to 2 p. m. and from 4 to 
8 P. M. 

At the evening session the following resolutions were unanimously 
agreed to: 

1. The Executive Committee be authorized to invite those labora- 
tories that participated in the former series of tests to conduct an 



134 



additional series on the determination of Time of Setting by both the 
Gillmore and Vicat Needles, using three Portland cements, one of 
which to be quick setting, another to have fineness of 85% or better, 
passing the No. 200 sieve and a normal cement 75% to pass the No. 
200 sieve. The percentage of water to be used to make the determina- 
tions of Time of Setting to be fixed by the Executive Committee and 
to be the same in all laboratories for each cement. 

2. The Executive Committee to submit two samples of Portland 
cement for which strength tests with 3 parts Standard Ottawa Sand 
to be determined, using 4 percentages of water and making four 
briquettes for each percentage for seven and twenty-eight days. 

3. The Executive Committee to send out a letter of inquiry to the 
producers, asking whether or not an increase in the requirements for 
fineness from 92% to 95%, passing the No. 100 sieve, and 75% to 80%, 
passing the No. 200 sieve, would occasion an increased cost to the 
consumer. 

After further consideration the Committee adjourned at 10 p. m. 
to meet January 14, at 2 P. m. ; the Executive Committee in the interim 
to prepare suggested form of letters to be sent out. 

The Committee reassembled at 2.30, January- 14th, and there were 
present Mr. Noble, Chairman; Mr. Davis, Vice-Chairman and Messrs. 
Swain, Webster, Richardson, Phillips, Voorhees and Mr. Humphrey, 
Secretary. 

The Executive Committee submitted the forms of letters above 
referred to, and after discussion and modification, letters I, J, K and 
L were authorized to be sent out (see report). 

The Secretary brought to the attention of the Conference the 
expenses incurred in connection with the carrying out of the work 
authorized by the Conference and on motion it was unanimously 
agreed that the expenses of the Executive Committee in carrying on 
this work would be assumed by the Conference. 

Mr. Phillips submitted a tabulation and a diagram showing the 
maximum, minimum and mean difference in Time of Setting on the 
samples tested December 18, 1912. 

The meeting adjourned at 4 p. m. to meet at the call of the Chair- 
man. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 

Secretary. 



D MINUTES OF THE FOURTH MEETING OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

A meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests 
and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the House of the 

135 



American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57tli Street, NeW^ 
York City, December 19, 1913, at 9.00 a. m. 
There were present representing the ' 

American Society of Civil Engineers, 

Alfred Noble, 

George S. Webster, 

Richard L. Humphrey. 
American Society for Testing Materials, 

Olaf Hoff, 

Clifford Richardson. 

United States Government, 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
Rudolph J. Wig. 

By agreement the meeting adjourned until 10.30 a. m. The Com- 
mittee then studied the replies to its circular letter of November 30th 
and recessed from 12.45 to 2.0Y p. m. 

The Conference discussed the analysis of the data relating to the 
determination of Normal Consistency and Time of Setting submitted 
by Messrs. Davis, Phillips and Wig. 

On motion of Mr. Davis, seconded by Mr. Phillips, it was agreed 
to recommend the adoption of the Vicat Apparatus for the determina- 
tion of Normal Consistency. 

Mr. Wig moved that the Gillmore Apparatus be adopted as the 
Standard for determining the Time of Setting. After considerable 
discussion the Conference agreed to postpone further consideration 
of Time of Setting until the next meeting. 

The proposed form of Specifications submitted by the Executive 
Committee was considered in detail and the following action taken: 

Paragraph 1. Definition: The first part amended to read — 

"Portland cement is the product, etc." 

Paragraph 2. Approved. 

Paragraph 3. Approved. 

Paragraph 4. Action deferred. 

Paragraph 5. Amended by substituting the word "become" for 

"remain". 
Paragraph 6. Action deferred. 

Paragraph 7. Referred to Executive Committee for further report. 
Paragraph 8. Referred to Executive Committee for additional 

information. 
Paragraph 9. Re-arranged to read: 

"The cement shall be stored in such a manner as to permit 
easy access for proper inspection and identification of each ship- 

136 



ment, and in a suitable weather-tight building having the floor 
properly raised from the ground." 

Paragraph 10. Amended to read: 

"In general, the cement shall be inspected and tested after 
delivery, but partial or complete inspection at the mill may be 
called for in the contract. Every facility shall be provided and a 
period of at least 30 days allowed for the inspection and necessary 
tests." 

Paragraph 11. The following wording approved: 

"The cement shall be tested in accordance with the standard 
methods hereinafter prescribed." 
Paragraph 12. Approved. 

Paragraph 13. Renumbered 15 and approved. 
Paragraph 14. Renumbered 13 and approved. 
Paragraph 15. Renumbered 14 and approved. 

The Executive Committee called attention to the Methods of 

Chemical Analysis and stated that it was considering the question of 

the limits of accuracy for each method and was revising these methods. 

On motion the matter of chemical analysis was referred to the 

Executive Committee in order to recommend methods of analysis. 

The Committee adjourned at 6.30 to meet at the call of the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 
Secretary. 

E. MINUTES OE THE EIFTH MEETI:N"G OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

A meeting of the Joint Conference on Unifomi Methods of Tests 
and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the House of the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57th Street, New York, 
January 20, 1914, at 11.30 a. m. 

There were present representing the 

American Society of Civil Engineers, 
Alfred Noble, 
George S. Webster, 
Richard L. Humphrey. 
American Society for Testing Materials, 
George F. Swain, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Richardsox. 

United States Government, 
Arthur P. Davis, 
Asa E. Phillips, 
Rudolph J. Wig. 

137 



The IVTinutes of the last meeting were corrected by substituting 
the name of Mr. Webster for that of Mr. Phillips as a second to the 
motion of Mr. Davis, recommending the Vicat Apparatus for the 
determination of normal consistency. As thus amended, the Minutes 
of the last meeting were approved. 

The Secretary stated the unfinished business was the motion of 
Mr. Wig recommending the Gillmore Apparatus for the determination 
of Time of Setting. 

Messrs. Davis, Phillips and Wig presented a reply to the statement 
made at the meeting on December 19th by Messrs. Noble, Webster, 
Humphrey, Hoff, Swain and Richardson. 

Mr. Humphrey, on behalf of Messrs. Noble, Webster, Swain, Hoff 
and E-ichardson, stated that they were unable to consent to the motion 
recommending the Gillmore Apparatus for the determination of Time 
of Setting and since he understood that Messrs. Davis, Phillips and 
Wig were unwilling to recommend the Vicat Apparatus for the deter- 
mination of Time of Setting, it was apparent that an agreement had 
not been reached. 

On behalf of his colleagues he wished to state that they were con- 
sidering a form of test piece which they believed would probably make 
an agreement possible and submitted a sketch of the proposed form of 
apparatus. That they were unable to announce their position until 
after an analysis of the data already available and tests with the pro- 
posed form of test piece and requested that pending this study and 
investigation no action be taken. His colleagues' program was to deter- 
mine the dimensions of the proposed form of test piece and then 
recommend that the Conference, after preliminary experiments, sub- 
mit it to the 35 laboratories participating in the previous series of 
tests with a view of determining the value of this form of test piece 
in comparison with that of the Gillmore and the Vicat Apparatus. 

On motion of Mr. Davis, seconded by Mr. Wig, it was agreed that 
the resolution recommending the Gillmore Apparatus as standard for 
the determination of Time of Setting be laid on the table. 

Mr. Davis presented a memorandum relating to the determination 
of Time of Setting and was followed by Mr. Wig who presented dia- 
grams showing the comparison of the results of tests of Time of Set- 
ting with the Vicat Apparatus by laboratories using the Vicat Appa- 
ratus in routine testing and results obtained with the Gillmore Appa- 
ratus by laboratories using the Gillmore Apparatus in routine testing. 

After considerable discussion, it was moved by Mr. Wig and sec- 
onded by Mr. Phillips that the Joint Conference prepare a report 
which shall include all data, summaries of replies to letters of inquiry, 
all written arguments and analyses of results or advanced by all mem- 
bers of the Conference and the Minutes of all meetings of the Joint 
Conference, and that the same be referred to all members of Committee 

138 



4 



C-1 of the American Society for Testing Materials and to all members 
of the Departmental Committee for their consideration with the request 
that they instruct their representatives on the Joint Conference as 
to what they shall recommend for adoption. 

In discussing this motion Mr, Phillips was of the opinion that 
after two years' deliberation the Conference had developed differences 
and that in view of this fact it was only fair to give the bodies that 
had appointed the members of the Conference the data and the results 
of investigations to date and that upon the consideration of this data 
by the several Committees, the Conference would continue its investi- 
gations on the lines discussed. 

Professor Swain was of the opinion that there was no hurry and 
that it would undoubtedly complicate matters to have the members 
of the Conference instructed as to what they were to do. 

Mr. Webster was of the opinion that as soon as the members of the 
Conference were instructed as to how they were to vote their useful- 
ness as members would cease. 

The Conference continued the discussion of the matter without 
reaching an agreement until 1.10 p. m. when it recessed until 2.20 
p. M., when discussion was resumed on Mr. Wig's motion; the motion 
was finally put to vote and was defeated as follows: 

For the motion, Messrs. Phillips and Wig. 
Against the motion, Messrs. Noble, Webster, Humphrey, 
Swain, Hoff, Richardson and Davis. 

The motion of Mr. Wig, seconded by Mr. Phillips, that the Con- 
ference adjourn sine die was discussed at length. 

Messrs. Swain, Webster, Humphrey and Davis being of the opinion 
that the Conference should not adjourn. 

Mr. Wig then stated that he would withdraw this motion if the 
Conference would agree to a motion that at the next meeting, if no 
agreement was reached on either the Vicat or Gillmore Apparatus, 
that his previous motion referring the entire matter and all data to 
the Departmental Committee and the Committee of the American 
Society for Testing Materials would be agreed to. 

After considerable discussion the motion to adjourn sine die was 
withdrawn and the following motion was adopted: 

If and when this Joint Conference decides that it cannot 
agi-ee on the recommendation of either the Gillmore method or 
the Vicat method for determining the Time of Setting of cement, 
it shall prepare a report which shall include all data, a summa- 
tion of replies to our letter of inquiry, all written arguments, and 
analyses of results advanced by all members of the Conference, 
and that the same be referred to all members of Committee C-1 
of the American Society for Testing Materials, and to all mem- 

139 



bers of the Departmental Committee for their consideration, with 
a request that they advise the Joint Conference in writing as to 
the method they would recommend. 

This motion was agreed to with the understanding that it should 
not be acted upon before at least one year. 

The Secretary then inquired whether his understanding that the 
Executive Committee would resume the reconciling of differences and 
the work upon which it had been engaged, was correct. 

Mr. Wig stated he thought the differences in the Executive Com- 
mittee as to the method of procedure in the methods of chemical analy- 
sis should be considered and after the discussion it was upon motion 
agreed to refer to the Executive Committee the question of the prepa- 
ration of methods of chemical analysis and .the limits of accuracy for 
these methods, with the request that they report, at the earliest mo- 
ment, their recommendations. 

It was agreed that the samples for determining the accuracy of 
the proposed methods of chemical analysis, should be sent out under 
the name of the Joint Conference and that the co-operation of the 
Bureau of Standards should be invited in the matter of determining 
the precise analyses of samples submitted to the various laboratories 
for chemical analysis and in the study of the results obtained. 

Meeting adjourned at 4.00 o'clock to meet at the call of the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 
. Secretary. 

F. MINUTES or THE SIXTH MEETING OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

The sixth meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods 
of Tests and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the 
Engineers' Club, 1317 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa., April 28, 1914, 
at 9.30 A. M. 

There were present representing the 

American Society of Civil Engineers, 
George S. Webster, 
Richard L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials, 
Olaf Hoff, 
Clifford Richardson. 

United States Government, 
Rudolph J. Wig. 

The Conference adopted the following Minute on the death of its 
Chairman, Mr. Alfred Noble. 

140 



The Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests and 
Standard Specifications for Cement hereby records with profound 
sorrow the irreparable loss sustained in the death of its Chairman, 
Mr. Alfred Noble, and its deep gratitude for the privilege of 
having known and been associated with one who was the exponent 
of the highest ideals as a man, as a citizen and as an engineer. 

Mr. Noble has given much to the engineering profession and 
his unselfish work in the development of the methods of testing 
cement has been of incalculable value. Many of his contributions 
to the engineering profession to be found in the Transactions of 
the American Society of Civil Engineers relate to this branch of 
engineering. He was a member of the Special Committees of this 
Society which presented reports on Uniform Methods of Tests 
of Cement in 1885 and 1912. 

The members of this Conference find themselves unable to 
adequately express their loss. This intimate association with Mr. 
Noble has left in the memory of each member an indelible im- 
pression of his patient, sweet, endearing nature, of his simple, 
forceful, dignified personality and of the grandeur of his character. 

The Secretary was instructed to secure the signature of each mem- 
ber of the Conference and transmit the Minute to Mrs. Alfred Noble, 
furnishing copies to the engineering press. 

As a tribute and mark of respect to its late Chairman the Con- 
ference decided not to fill the vacancy occasioned by his death and that 
Mr. Arthur P. Davis the Vice- Chairman, should perform the duties 
of Chairman. 

The Conference agreed that the revision of the methods of Chem- 
ical Analysis of Cement should be handled by the Executive Committee 
in the name of the Joint Conference and that Mr. Clifford Richardson 
should act in advisory capacity in connection with this work. 

The Conference adjourned to meet at the call of the Executive 
Committee. 

KespectfuUy submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 

Secretary. 



G. MINUTES OF THE SEVENTH MEETING OF THE JOINT 

CONFERENCE. 

A meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests 
and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the House of the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57th Street, New York, 
N. Y., Friday, December 4, 1914, at 11.40 a. m. 

141 



There were present representing the 

American Society of Civil Engineers^, 
George S. Webster, 
Richard L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials, 

George F. Swain, 

Olaf Hoff. 
United States Government, 

Arthur P. Davis, 

Asa E. Phillips, 

EuDOLPH J. Wig. 

Mr. Pichardson was in attendance in Court. 

The Conference took np the consideration of the draft of the Speci- 
fications and Methods of Tests prepared by the Executive Committee. 

It was decided that a foot note should be inserted stating that the 
specification covered White Portland Cement, also indicating in this 
note such exceptions as might be necessary, — which was referred to 
the Executive Committee for further report. 

The proposal to increase the requirements for tensile strength of 
mortars with Standard Ottawa sand was referred to the Executive 
Committee; the sense of the meeting being that this increase should 
not exceed 50 lb. 

The Executive Committee was also asked to report on the desir- 
ability of decreasing the upward limit for the Time of Einal Setting. 

The Executive Committee was also asked to make further investi- 
gation in the matter of retrogression in the neat cement and Standard 
Ottawa sand mortar tensile strength tests. 

The Conference adopted the alternate paragraph recommending 
increasing the weight of a bag of cement to 100 lb. gross, effective 
January 1, 1919. 

The Conference recessed from 1 to 2 p. m. 

The Executive Committee was asked to report on a maximum 
limit for the time of mixing cement pastes and mortars. 

Mr. Humphrey presented a form of test piece for use in the deter- 
mination of Time of Setting, Consistency and Soundness, stating that 
he had made some investigations of this test piece and the . results 
justified his recommending it for the determination of Time of Set- 
ting. He believed that this test piece had the following advantages: 

1. It could be conveniently used for the Consistency, Time of 
Setting and Soundness Tests. 

2. Its great simplicity makes it superior to any existing test piece. 
It eliminates the objectionable troweling in making the pat, and it 
could be molded and a plain surface obtained with a maximum 
of convenience in the shortest possible time. 

142 



3. The limited exposed area of surface which could be protected 
with a cover glass, tended to eliminate many of the errors of the present 
test pieces; the mass was less likely to be affected by atmospheric con- 
ditions than would be the case with test pieces having a larger ex- 
posed area. The smaller area in which the time of setting is obtained 
tends to eliminate errors due to the lack of homogeneity of the mass. 

4. It was at least as efficient as the Vicat test piece for the deter- 
mination of normal consistency. 

5. In Time of Setting it gave results midway between those ob- 
tained with the Yicat test piece and the Gillmore Pat. 

6. This test piece, therefore, satisfactorily meets the requirements 
for the three tests and can be used advantageously with a single appa- 
ratus, and is a step forward in the methods for making these tests. 

Upon his recommendation, the Executive Committee was instructed 
to have a die made of this test piece and sufficient molds struck off 
and to have a series of tests made with this test piece in comparison 
with the existing methods used in the determination of Time of 
Setting by the principal laboratories in this country, and report 
the results to the Conference at the earliest possible moment. 

The Conference adjourned at 3.30 P. m. to meet at the call of the 
Executive Committee. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 
Secretary. 

K. MINUTES OE THE EIGHTH MEETING 
JOINT CONFERENCE. 

A meeting of the Joint Conference on Uniform Methods of Tests 
and Standard Specifications for Cement was held at the House of the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, 220 West 57th Street, New 
York, N. Y., on April 28, 1915, at 9.30 a. m. 
There were present representing the 

American Society of Civil Engineers, 
George S. Webster, 
Richard L. Humphrey. 

American Society for Testing Materials, 

Olaf Hoff, 

Clifford Richardson. 
United States Government, 

Arthur P. Davis, 

Asa E, Phillips, 

Rudolph J. Wig. 

The Executive Committee presented a draft of the report of the 
Conference in galley proof, which the Conference took up in detail. 

143 



On motion, it was unanimously agreed to change the residue on 
the No. 200 sieve from 22% to 20%.* 

On motion, the Executive Committee was authorized to digest and 
condense the data relating to the determination of Soundness by the 
Autoclave method, and if necessary, to amplify the paragraph on the 
Autoclave test. 

The Conference increased the tensile strength requirements for 
one to three Standard Ottawa Sand mortars for seven days to 225 
pounds per square inch and for twenty-eight days to 325 pounds per 
square inch. 

On the motion to strike out the retrogression clause for the tensile 
strength requirements for neat cement, the Conference voted as follows : 

In favor of motion : Messrs. Davis, 

Webster, 
Phillips, 
Wig. 

Against motion:** Messrs. Hoff, 

Humphrey. 

Not voting: Mr. Kichardson. 

The Conference considered the various letters and communications 
that had been received in reference to increasing the contents of the 
bag from 94 to 100 lbs. net, and after considerable discussion, decided 
to reconsider its previous action, and unanimously agreed that while 
it is desirable, it is inadvisable at the present time to increase the 
net contents of the bag. 

The Conference recessed from 1 P. M. to 2.10 P. m. 

On the motion to recommend the new form of test piece and the 
Vicat apparatus for the determination of Time of Setting, the Con- 
ference voted as follows: 

In favor of motion :f Messrs. Davis, 

Webster, 

Humphrey, 

Hoff, 

ElCHARDSON. 

Against motion: Messrs. Phillips, 

Wig. 

The matter of the form of clip was referred to the Executive 
Committee with power. 

On the vote to approve the specifications relating to specific gravity, 
Mr. Pichardson desired to be recorded as voting "No". 

*Mr. George F. Swain wishes to be recorded as not voting on this motion. 
**Mr, George F. Swain wishes to be recorded as voting against this motion. 
fMr. George F. Swain wishes to be recorded as in favor of this motion. 

144 



The description of the Yicat method for the determination of 
Normal Consistency was left to the Executive Committee for insertion 
in the specifications. 

The Executive Committee was also instructed to provide for 
changing the water in the storage tanks. 

The Conference recessed from 6.30 to 8 p. m. 

The Conference then took up the method for the determination 
of Time of Setting, and considered the results of the third series of tests. 

After considerable discussion, the following resolution was unani- 
mously adopted: 

"The Conference agrees to present a report, unanimous, except in 
so far as it relates to the method for the determination of Time of 
Setting. The two methods for the determination of Time of Setting 
shall be inserted as alternate sections in the methods of tests in Part II, 
1 B, accompanied by a statement fully setting forth the reasons for 
the failure to agree, inserted after paragraph 47, Part I, 2 Bh." 

It was unanimously agreed that the Executive Committee should 
prepare the report and submit a clean copy of all the galleys to each 
member. Only in the event of a disagreement in the Executive Com- 
mittee should the Conference meet again until after the preliminary 
report has been presented to the three bodies represented by the 
Conference. 

The Conference adjourned at 9.35 p. m. 

Respectfully submitted, 

RICHARD L. HUMPHREY, 

Secretary. 



145 



f* 



